From the perspective of public good theory, the existing problems in the surface water, groundwater and water quality in rural areas are discussed. The influencing factors for the water pollution in rural areas are as follows: dualistic policies of urban and rural environmental governance, absence of the main body of rural water environmental governance, insufficient investment of water environment pollution control and weak consciousness of rural water environment protection. Finally, the corresponding policy recommendations are put forward, that is, construction of the integration of urban and rural water environment management system, strengthening of construction of the main body of water environment governance, improvement of investment of water environment pollution control, and strengthening of consciousness education of rural water environmental protection.