巴西瞄准第二代生物燃料

巴西石油公司日前透露，计划从2015年起开始植物纤维素乙醇的商业化生产，巩固巴西作为全球甘蔗乙醇最大制造国的地位。 在能源需求依然强劲、原油价格持续高涨、甘蔗和玉米产乙醇饱受争议的背景下，以甘蔗渣等农林业废弃物为原料的第二代生物燃料悄然兴起。     

甘蔗能源化如何影响食糖价格

甘蔗燃料乙醇产业改变了糖业与能源市场之间原有的价格传导关系。本文研究原油、甘蔗燃料乙醇与食糖市场间的价格传导机制,以识别能源市场及其价格波动对食糖价格的影响路径及其冲击程度。研究结果表明:原油价格、甘蔗燃料乙醇价格与食糖价格之间存在长期均衡关系;虽然原油和甘蔗燃料乙醇市场价格波动都显著影响食糖市场价格,但是甘蔗燃料乙醇市场是原油价格影响糖价的媒介;不断攀升的能源价格是触发糖价高涨的首要原因。     

生物燃料乙醇发展对居民生活影响分析

一次性能源的日益紧张和能源多元化战略的逐步推进,使得生物质能源受到了空前的关注。以粮食作物为原料的生物燃料乙醇发展增加了对农产品的需求,系统仿真分析表明,在发展规模较小的情况下,以玉米等粮食为原料的生物燃料乙醇的发展对社会各阶层的恩格尔系数几乎没有影响,规模有所扩大,生物燃料乙醇的发展对低收入阶层的恩格尔系数的影响开始加大,但当规模扩大到规划的目标1000万t时,其分层效应开始显现,对高收入居民来说,即使扩大到1000万t,食物价格上涨而引起的恩格尔系数变化不大,但对低收入居民来说,这种影响是非常大,需要引起足够的关注。     

巴西乙醇业发展现状与未来走向

乙醇是以含有天然糖或淀粉的农作物（包括甘蔗、玉米、甜菜和小麦）和生物质作为原料生产出的．被人们认为是作为运输燃料的最好的汽油替代品之一。与矿物燃料相比．使用乙醇可减少一氧化碳和二氧化碳排放。鉴于乙醇具备的诸多好处．以及原油价格不断上涨,     

福建省木质颗粒燃料产业发展的潜力估算研究

木质颗粒燃料是具有广阔市场前景的生物质固体燃料。从经济可行性角度,地区林木生物质资源总量与可利用生产木质颗能源的资源量有较大的差距,地区木质颗粒燃料生产原料主要来源地区原木生产剩余物、中幼林抚育剩余物、木竹加工剩余物和城镇园林绿化修剪剩余物。福建省可利用生产木质颗粒燃料的木质生物质剩余物量相对较大,每年可利用木质生物质剩余物1 027.52万t,能生产木质颗粒燃料719.26万t,折合标准煤686.72万t,减少CO_2排放495.65万t,减排效果明显。     

中国薯类燃料乙醇发展现状与前景

玉米等粮食价格上涨的压力,导致中国开始寻求以非粮食作物为原料的燃料乙醇生产。利用薯类作物特别是木薯生产燃料乙醇在成本效益等经济方面有较大的优势,未来发展潜力巨大。但是目前薯类燃料乙醇产业在中国的发展还处于初级阶段,主要的限制条件是缺乏先进的生产技术和设备和优良的原料品种,另外也受市场容量和市场进入的局限,其发展规模在一段时期内还相对较小。随着中国高速的经济发展和技术进步的推动,薯类作物将会在燃料乙醇生产中发挥重要作用。     

我国最大燃料乙醇项目开工

一个用玉米为原料、年产 60万吨燃料乙醇的工程近期已在吉林省吉林市开工。这是我国目前最大的燃料乙醇生产项目 ,生产规模在世界范围也位居前列。该项目是我国“十五”计划的重点建设项目 ,由中国石油天然气集团公司、吉林粮食集团有限公司和中国华润总公司共同投资建设 ,总投资 2 8.9亿元。项目将于 2 0 0 3年建成投产。燃料乙醇俗称燃料酒精 ,它可以与汽油按一定比例混配而成新的车用燃料。由于添加了燃料乙醇的汽油在汽缸内的燃烧比较充分 ,不会产生对人体有害的物质 ,它的推广使用对改善我国的环境质量将起到重大作用。我国最大燃料乙…     

玉米芯废渣造出燃料乙醇

2008年10月6日，山东省禹城市对外透露，该市生物科技有限公司对提取低聚糖后的玉米芯废渣再利用，成功制取出了燃料乙醇，开辟了获得燃料乙醇的新途径。目前，该公司年产1万吨酶解工业纤维废渣制取乙醇高技术产业化示范工程被国家发改委列入了国家高技术产业发展项目计划及国家资金补助计划，获得国家补助资金450万元。     

生物燃料混打术

玉米制燃料乙醇已成往事，目前业界在广泛试点以木薯、甜高粱为主要原料的非粮乙醇。这块看似香甜的蛋糕，在某种意义上也是一块难啃的骨头。     

甘肃省发展非粮原料产燃料乙醇初探

以甘肃省燃料乙醇非粮原料丰富的资源优势为依托,从乙醇得率、原料产量、地理环境、政策优势等因素考虑,通过实验、调研和统计等方法,对甘肃发展燃料乙醇的非粮原料资源情况进行了探索分析,证明了甘肃具有自然环境适宜、非粮资源丰富、政策制度优先、企业单位重视、基础产业发展较早等特点,为甘肃省今后在非粮原料燃料乙醇的资源开发利用方面提供了参考依据。     

The Economic Competitiveness of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) as an Agricultural Feedstock for Ethanol Production for Transportation Fuels

Environmental concerns such as air pollution and soil degradation have led to increased interest in altrnate technologies and production practices. Alternate transportation fuel are being investigated along with their feedstock sources. This paper presents results of work carried out on Jerusalem Artichoke as a feedstock for fuel ethanol production.     

技术进步、规模化经营与我国甘蔗主产区生产效率研究

[目的]农业种植业的发展是多种因素共同作用的结果,文章旨在探究技术进步和规模化经营两个重要着力点对农业种植业可持续健康发展的影响。[方法]通过DEA-Malmquist指数分析方法,利用2003—2017年中国甘蔗主产区甘蔗种植投入产出面板数据,测算了在农业种植业发展过程中的综合技术效率、技术进步以及全要素生产率增长状况,并对各甘蔗主产区技术进步以及规模化经营情况作对比分析。[结果]我国以及广东、广西的甘蔗生产效率呈下降的趋势,海南和云南则呈上升的趋势;技术进步是提升广东和云南甘蔗种植业生产效率的直接因素,而对广西和海南甘蔗种植业生产效率贡献最大的是规模化经营;近年来,广东、广西的甘蔗种植生产技术进步缓慢,甚至出现技术衰退;广东、广西和海南3地的甘蔗规模化经营还存在一定的优化空间,尤其是广东和海南地区。[结论]我国及各甘蔗主产区应根据农业种植业的区域发展差异,以因地制宜为首要原则,重视技术进步和综合技术效率同步改进的同时,更应注重通过技术进步来推动规模化经营的发展。     

Land use and economic effects of alternative biofuel policies in Brazil and the United States

Being the two largest ethanol producers in the world, biofuel policies in Brazil and the United States affect both their domestic markets and the global food and biofuel economy. In this article we develop a price endogenous mathematical programming model to simulate and analyze the impacts of biofuel mandates and trade distortions on land use, agricultural commodity and transportation fuel markets, and global environment. We find that an 80% increase in total biofuel production from its 103 billion liter baseline level to the mandated 183 billion liter level in 2022 can be achieved with less than 2% increase in total cropland use in both countries. In the United States, this would occur with cellulosic biofuels meeting nearly half of the biofuels consumed and produced largely on cropland pasture and corn ethanol meeting the rest of the mandate and resulting in a 2% increase in corn price. In Brazil, the expansion in sugarcane production would be achieved by reducing land under pasture and a marginal increase in intensification of livestock production. In the aggregate, biofuel policies increase economic surplus in both countries by 1% and redistribute the benefits from agricultural consumers to agricultural producers and the fuel sector. Finally, we also find that full implementation of the mandates in North America, China, and the European Union would reduce the global life‐cycle global greenhouse gas emissions by about 5%.     

The Economic Growth Impacts of Sugarcane Expansion in Brazil: An Inter‐regional Analysis

Since 2001, Brazil has experienced a sharp increase in sugarcane production due to the upsurge in demand for sugar and ethanol, two products derived from sugarcane. This study analyses the impacts of these sugarcane expansions on economic growth. The effects are examined at the municipality level in Brazil as a whole and in the main sugarcane producing regions, the North‐Northeast (NE) and the Centre‐South (CS). In this latter region, an additional distinction is made between the state of São Paulo (SP) and the Centre‐South region excluding São Paulo (CSex) since the bulk of the recent expansion took place in SP while most of the future expansions are planned in CSex. Estimators based on the propensity score are used to construct two types of counterfactual scenarios. The estimations in the first scenario show that municipalities in NE and CSex that expanded sugarcane production experienced economic growth as a result. No significant effect was found in SP. The second scenario focuses on CSex and establishes that sugarcane non‐expanding municipalities in this region would have had higher economic growth if they had increased sugarcane production. The results of this study suggest that future sugarcane plantations should indeed be located in CSex because they contribute to economic growth.     

Food security,the labor market,and poverty in the Brazilian bio‐economy

This article deals with the social implications of ethanol expansion in Brazil. The evolution of the labor market in sugarcane production in the country is analyzed together with its regional patterns of expansion, to illustrate how changes in the recent expansion are modifying the traditional pattern of labor demand in the activity. At the same time, the distributional effects of sugarcane expansion, as well as it's impacts on food security and land use change was approached with the aid of general equilibrium simulation models. The analysis shows that both the average earnings and the average years of schooling in sugarcane production are actually higher than in general agriculture in Brazil, and that this is linked to the growing increase in production in the Southeast and Central‐West. Sugarcane production in these regions is more capital intensive and has a much higher productivity than in other traditional regions in Northeast Brazil. The study concludes that the expansion in sugarcane production according to actual patterns does not have a negative effect on poverty, and has only minor impacts on food prices and deforestation. The increase in the regional economic imbalances within the country appears to be the problem that requires attention.     

基于LMDI模型的世界甘蔗增产要素研究

[目的]甘蔗增产是在食糖消费持续增长趋势下,世界糖业市场稳定的重要原因。揭示甘蔗增产要素,不仅能为甘蔗生产市场监测提供必要的理论支撑,而且还可以发现资源环境约束下甘蔗可持续发展的路径选择。[方法]基于LMDI模型,文章从世界和国别两个视角,剖析世界甘蔗增产的主要贡献因素。[结果]1961—2014年世界甘蔗生产逐渐向优势区域集中,产量提升2倍,其中70%增产源于播种面积扩张,30%来自单产提升;面积扩张对多数国家甘蔗增产的贡献大于单产提高,中国甘蔗增产同样得力于面积扩张,但单产提升显著,贡献率高达34%,位居世界前列;甘蔗生产中的资源环境问题逐渐凸显,现有的甘蔗增产模式已给脆弱的生态环境造成了深远的负面影响。[结论]资源环境约束背景下,转变甘蔗增产模式迫在眉睫,必须加快由依赖面积扩张的粗放型增长模式向单产提升的集约型生产模式转变的步伐,方可实现中国乃至世界甘蔗糖业的可持续发展。     

Determinants of efficiency of vegetable production in smallholder farms: The case of Ethiopia

Improving production efficiency remains as a plausible means of increasing productivity when resource reallocation, and the creation and adoption of new technologies are limited. Technical, allocative and economic efficiencies are derived from a sample of smallholder vegetable farmers in Ethiopia using parametric and non-parametric methods. The results reveal that the two methods yield similar estimates and the existence of substantial inefficiencies in production as well as efficiency differentials among farmers. The analysis of the determinants of efficiency of vegetable production using regression models show that low asset ownership, illiteracy, large family size, inadequate extension contacts, small farm size, age, low off/non-farm income and high consumer spending are the major socio-economic factors causing inefficiency of vegetable production in the study areas. A comparison of the market-driven (vegetables) with the whole-farm (crops and livestock) production efficiency indicates that lower economic efficiency scores for the former might be related to the limited access to capital markets, high consumer spending, and large family size.     

The novelty of simple and known technologies and the rhythm of farmer-centred innovation in family dairy farming in Brazil

Family dairy farming is under threat from the expansion of the sugarcane economy in south-eastern Brazil. This paper analyses an intervention programme which aimed to intensify dairy production and make family dairy farming sustainable in this competitive context. The case study of the ‘Balde Cheio’ Programme (Full Bucket) can be seen as an alternative method of knowledge generation to that of the dominant research approach which prioritizes cutting-edge technologies. This paper characterizes this farmer-oriented innovation programme for dairy farming systems, in which research, development and extension are seen as a long-term learning process. It analyses how the programme has been adapted to fit the diversity of situations found amongst farmers and to heterogeneous production conditions. The study relates the circulation of knowledge, the search for innovation by recombining apparently simple and known technologies, the use of experiments on the farm and the adaptation of the rhythm of innovation to the specific situation of the farm as the critical issues to achieve sustainable production systems.     

Using an analytic hierarchy process approach to prioritize public policies addressing family farming in Brazil

In Brazil, some see intensive, large-scale production of sugarcane-based ethanol, based on a model of capital and land concentration, as a threat to the survival of family farming. Family farmers are increasingly under pressure to sell or rent land to mills where sugarcane monoculture is expanding. In this context, the government is working to formulate or change public policies in order to support farmer livelihoods in sugarcane growing regions. The present study is based on research conducted in the municipality of Ipiranga de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil. It employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, with participation of stakeholders at federal, state and municipal levels, to support public policy decision-making addressing family farming. The stakeholders prioritize environmental and economic benefits as the most important criteria requiring the attention of policy makers. Also, stakeholders agree that diversification of production is the most appropriate alternative for strengthening family farming. The AHP approach can be the starting point in the formulation of public policies. The approach helps ensure transparency, and it purposefully includes family farmer points of view. Policies derived from this process, therefore, may have a higher likelihood of being supported and accepted by farmers.