企业技术创新与产业升级--技术创新模型的分析及对宝钢发展战略的启示

美国哈佛大学的阿伯纳西和麻省理工学院的厄特拜克两位专家从20世纪70年代起以产品生命周期曲线理论(简称PLC理论)结合产品创新、工艺创新曲线的相互间关系进行了分析研究,发现该三种因素曲线间具有不同的发展特性和互相联系推进产业创新的规律。两位专家通过对技术创新与产业创新间的相互促进关系的研究,率先提出了主导设计理念,并归纳了产品、工艺、体制创新发展过程中的流动、转换、特性三个阶段特征的渐进发展规律的理论;创造了产业创新动态过程模型,对企业集团如何通过技术创新和产业升级来实现企业跨越式赶超发展战略具有重大的现实意义。     

Towards a microscopic analysis of industrial innovations: From diffusion curves to technological integration through participative management

This paper traces the development of ever more microscopic analyses of the industrial innovation process and presents these as progressive stages in a gradual coming to terms with the real-life complexities of this process. Begining with the macroscopic, diffusion perspective inherited from rural sociology, it reveals how more user-centred models have emerged. The changing image of the user is traced from “passive adopter” to “managerial problem solver” and finally, to “innovative designer”. The paper then turns to the difficulties involved in understanding the nature of the firm's infrastructure and the implications it has for innovation management and industrial relations problems. Research in this area is identified as a crucial source of the new management tachniques that are required to solve the growing problems of resistance to technology implementation. A socio-psychological analysis drawing upon the concepts of the ethogenic approach is proposed and seen to recommend a participative management style similar to that used so successfully by the Japanese.     

科技成果转化与技术创新:创新范式的比较与转变探讨

如何发挥科学技术的强大经济功能,国内外存在着科技成果转化和技术创新两种思维范式;科技成果转化的思维范式带有明显的机械论思维特征和计划经济特征,在现代市场经济条件下存在明显的机制性缺陷;在创新驱动发展战略中必须确立技术创新的范式,实现由科技成果转化范式向技术创新范式转变。     

中小企业技术创新与管理创新整合:机制创新

文章探讨了中小企业技术创新与管理创新整合存在的问题,认为现代中小企业要突破发展“停滞”,不能仅靠单一的技术创新或管理创新,必须依靠两者的有效整合,通过技术创新增强竞争优势,以管理创新协调企业内部的矛盾,发挥整合优势。     

技术创新项目风险分析与综合评价

文章分析了企业技术创新项目的风险因素,在此基础上设置了风险评价指标体系,建立了模糊评判模型,对企业技术创新风险进行了科学评价,并能定量地衡量企业关于某个项目的技术创新风险大小,为企业技术创新决策和采取风险控制措施提供了依据。     

Time to decision: the drivers of innovation adoption decisions

Organisations desire timeliness. Timeliness facilitates a better responsiveness to changes in an organisation's external environment to either attain or maintain competitiveness. Despite its importance, decision timeliness has not been explicitly examined. Decision timeliness is measured in this study as the time taken to commit to a decision. The research objective is to identify the drivers of decision timeliness in the context of adopting service-oriented architecture (SOA), an innovation for enterprise computing. A research model rooted in the technology–organisation–environment (TOE) framework is proposed and tested with data collected in a large-scale study. The research variables have been examined before in the context of adoption, but their applicability to the timeliness of innovation decision-making has not received much attention and their salience is unclear. The results support multiple hypothesised relationships, including the finding that a risk-oriented organisational culture as well as normative and coercive pressures accelerates decision timeliness. Top management support as well as the traditional innovation attributes (compatibility, relative advantage and complexity/ease-of-use) were not found to be significant when examining their influence on decision timeliness, which appears inconsistent with generally accepted knowledge and deserves further examination.     

基于物元模型的中小企业技术创新能力综合评估

分析概括了企业技术创新能力的内涵及其特征,应用系统工程理论方法,设计了中小企业技术创新能力评价指标体系。在此基础上,运用物元理论建立了中小企业技术创新能力评价物元模型,进而将模型应用于实际问题,以上海3家企业技术创新能力为物元,对其技术创新能力进行了综合评价与分析,得到了3家企业技术创新能力的初步结论及改进的建议。为中小企业技术创新能力的评价与改进提供了一种科学有效的新方法。     

Determinants of corporate adoption of e-Marketplace: an innovation theory perspective

Despite the growing interest and attention from IT researchers and practitioners, empirical research on the adoption of e-Marketplaces has been limited. This study identifies the factors influencing e-Marketplace adoption from an IT innovation perspective. Innovation, environment, and organization characteristics were tested as determinants of the adoption of an e-Marketplace based on a survey of 39 manufacturing firms. The findings indicate that external pressure and organizational size have positive relationships with organizational adoption of e-Marketplaces. Contrary to the prior innovation research, however, relative advantages did not have a significant impact on the organizational adoption of an e-Marketplace.     

文化整合：企业技术创新管理的制高点

创新管理不同于一般的管理活动是由于创新活动是一个非程序化的复杂过程，通过对创新活动的模式、目标、过程等各种方面存在的冲突分析可以发现，采用传统控制等管理手段是无法实现创新活动的持续，只有在文化的高度上整合企业技术创新的各种因素。才能使创新活动成为企业发展的持久推动力。     

大飞机研制中的技术创新路径选择

大飞机研发制造已成为我国新世纪的国家战略。增强自主创新能力,构建大飞机产业技术创新体系已成当务之急。因而建立产品开发平台,积极开展国际合作,提高核心技术开发能力,掌握自主知识产权显得尤为重要。     

A Canadian university experience in technological innovation and entrepreneurship

The roles of the university, and especially schools of engineering, in serving as sources of new ideas and as training grounds for young persons who may become technical entrepreneurs are set forth. Weaknesses in traditional curricula for engineers as regards innovation and entrepreneurship are identified. The development of the Centre de Développement Technologique at Ecole Polytechnique, University of Montreal is described. The Quebec Industrial Innovation Center, organized in affiliation with Ecole Polytechnique and the Centre de Développement Technologique, is described in detail including several examples of recent projects undertaken.     

Critical factors in technological innovation and their policy implications

This paper explores the critical factors which affect the innovation proccess. Some ways in which some of these factors can be influenced by appropriate policy measures are discussed. In particular, the role of the federal government in promoting innovation is discussed.The role of the government in stimulating and nurturing the innovation process is a controversial one. Proponents of the free enterprise system, many of whom are spokespersons for various industries, have persistently pointed out the deleterious effects of regulation and control on the innovation process. By contrast, advocates of an activist government role are often able to cite the protection of the common welfare as a primary need for government intervention. In truth, the “government” is a patchwork of many governments, operating through many agencies and affecting firms and individuals at several levels and leverage points. The same regulation that has deleterious effects on Industry A may be a stimulus for innovation in Industry B. Even in Industry A, the regulation may act as a force in directing efforts toward certain types of R&D programs that would not otherwise be undertaken.In this paper we examine the specific instances where innovation projects, both product or process types, were affected by government regulation. We also briefly review the critical factors which affect the innovation process and how various governments in industrialized countries have taken actions to influence these factors. Finally, we examine some general guidelines for policymaking purposes.     

企业技术创新风险与防范

技术创新是企业实现科技进步、增强核心竞争力的根本源泉,是企业生存与发展的重要基础。但是,技术创新与风险共存,创新风险已成为阻碍企业技术创新的重要因素之一。文章通过对技术创新风险的类型和成因进行分析与探讨,提出了企业防范技术创新风险的应对措施。     

Urbanization and the City Image in Lowry at Tate Britain: Towards a Critique of Cultural Cityism

This article explores cultural cityism at a time when a more expansive, ‘planetary’ urbanization is argued to have superseded ‘the city’ as the dominant urban form. It takes an essentially Lefebvrian problematic and works this through an examination of one aspect of contemporary metropolitan culture, the L.S. Lowry exhibition at Tate Britain, held in the summer of 2013. The article scrutinizes the juxtaposition of Lowry's images of the industrial city with the image of ‘global’, corporate London provided by Tate Britain itself. The exhibition is presented as evidence of Lefebvre's argument that although the urban core has imploded and exploded, through images the city ‘can perpetuate itself, survive its conditions’. Taking stock also of the preponderance of city images in culture more widely, it is argued such images make a fetish of the city, producing also an ‘urban pastoral’ that obscures the defining characteristics of urban life today. Finally, Benjamin's concept of the ‘dialectical image’ and Rancière's notion of the ‘sentence image’ are invoked to capture the flashing together of past and present city images and the opportunities for critical reflection this constellation presents.     

Multiple independent invention and the process of technological innovation

Multiple independent invention, i.e. two or more inventions being made independently of each other (not necessarily at the same time), is a well documented phenomenon. The concept is embodied in the phrase “reinventing the wheel” which is part of common knowledge, and widely used.Although the concept of multiple independent invention has been widely reported, it has rarely been recognised in the context of the process of technological innovation or the diffusion of innovations. In addition the majority of the studies of multiples have been well after the date of invention; little study has taken place of multiples during the subsequent innovation process. This article reports the study of one case of multiple independent innovation, examining the processes of innovation and diffusion in each identified version of the multiple. It tries to show how this concept provides new insights into the process of technological innovation.     

论中小企业技术创新

我国中小企业技术创新活动具有多样性和广泛性,它们的技术创新在许多行业占据了主导地位,研究中小企业的技术创新问题对经济发展和社会进步具有重要意义。文章围绕中小企业的技术创新概念、企业与技术创新的关系、内外部环境分析进行讨论,提出新形势下中小企业技术创新的对策。     

New firm creation and innovation: industrial patterns and inter-sectoral linkages

This article analyzes the linkages between entrepreneurship and innovation behaviour at an industrial level. The research question refers to the extent that the industrial pattern of generation/absorption of knowledge affects the industrial ability to create new firms. An embodied knowledge approach has been applied, by combining the input–output framework with innovation and new firm creation data. As a result, four industrial patterns of innovation/new firm creation have been identified, taking into account the firm size and the model of generation and absorption of knowledge.     

资源枯竭型城市产业转型的风险规避与产业创新

资源型城市产业结构单一,随着自然资源的枯竭,陷入矿竭城衰的境地.实现产业转型,逐步脱离矿产资源采掘与加工,发展接续产业和替代产业,是资源枯竭型城市的出路,但产业在转型中存在着不确定的风险.规避产业转型的风险,可通过产业结构创新、产业技术创新、产业组织创新、管理创新,培育新的竞争优势,增强产业优势,改变历史形成的不合理的产业结构,并向具有特色功能的或综合性的城市演变,最终实现可持续发展.