空间溢出视角下新型城镇化进程对水资源压力的影响

利用我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)2004—2019年的面板数据,从人口、经济、空间、社会、生态5个方面综合测度我国新型城镇化发展指数,并结合水足迹和供需平衡思想测算各地区水资源压力指数;运用空间计量模型,探究了新型城镇化发展对水资源压力的空间溢出影响。研究结果表明：在普通面板回归下,我国新型城镇化发展水平与水资源压力正相关,进一步地加入空间关联因素后,新型城镇化发展对水资源压力的正向作用增强;新型城镇化发展水平的提高会给邻近省份带来明显的正向溢出作用;基于空间溢出视角较好地刻画了各省份内部、省份之间发展需要和资源压力的矛盾,可为实现新型城镇化的高质量发展提供有益参考。     

新型城镇化视角下的江苏省水资源利用效率研究

随着新型城镇化的推进,水资源不足、水环境污染问题日益突出。以江苏省为例,构建超对数函数模型,运用SFA测算江苏省水资源利用效率,选取人口城镇化、社会城镇化、产业城镇化指标来表示城镇化水平,基于STIRPAT模型分析江苏省水资源利用效率与新型城镇化的关系。结果表明:1三大地区水资源利用效率为苏中最高,苏南最低,苏北居中;2人口城镇化水平对江苏水资源利用效率影响最大;3社会城镇化水平与水资源利用效率呈负相关关系,各区域的产业城镇化水平对水资源利用效率影响差别较大。     

长江经济带新型城镇化对水资源与经济协调发展的影响

水资源刚性约束条件的背景下,把握新型城镇化建设机遇,促进水资源与经济协调发展具有重要意义。基于长江经济带2007—2020年省级面板数据,综合利用耦合协调度模型、中介模型以及空间计量模型探究新型城镇化对水资源与经济协调发展的影响以及用水效率的中介效应。结果显示:新型城镇化对地区水资源与经济协调发展具有促进作用,用水效率在其中起到中介作用;新型城镇化的促进作用存在空间溢出性。据此提出扎实推进新型城镇化建设、稳步推动用水效率提升、强化地区联系、推动区域协同发展等政策建议。     

基于DEA方法的中国农业水资源利用效率研究

[目的]以我国各省市2008~2015年农业水资源利用效率为研究对象,探究我国农业水资源利用效率的规律与特点,并基于此提出促进农业水资源合理利用的建议。[方法]主要采用了文献研究法、统计分析法和数据包络分析(DEA)法。通过文献搜集我国各省市2008~2015年与农业水资源利用相关的数据,构建DEA模型,对我国近年来农业水资源利用效率进行评价。[结果]2008~2015年,我国农业水资源利用效率在0.80上下浮动。各省市农业水资源利用效率随时间变化趋势不同。甘肃和上海的农业水资源利用效率涨幅最大,年增长率分别为4.39%和2.74%;山西、江西以及陕西省的农业水资源利用效率整体趋于下降;浙江、湖南以及陕西和新疆的农业水资源利用效率有先上升后下降的特点,表现出明显的波动。此外,农业水资源利用效率区域分化明显。东部地区农业水资源利用效率一般高于0.80,中部地区位于0.60~0.80,西部地区农业水资源利用效率一般低于0.60。[结论]2008~2015年,我国农业水资源利用效率表现出一定的时间差异性和空间差异性。时间差异性:我国农业水资源利用效率一直处于较高水平并呈现逐年增长趋势,不同省份的农业水资源利用效率随时间变动趋势各异。空间差异性:东部地区农业水资源利用效率最高,中东部地区农业水资源利用效率甚至达到了最优,中部地区其次,西部省区农业水资源利用效率最低。农业水资源利用效率受当地政策、经济发展水平、农业发展水平、水资源总量和人口压力等因素影响严重,今后应针对不同地区采取不同措施解决实际问题。     

西部地区城镇化发展协调性与资源利用效率研究

西部大开发已逾10年,西部地区的城镇化率由2000年的24.1%提高到2011年的42.81%,11年间提高了18.71个百分点,平均每年以1.7倍的速度增长,但城镇化水平与东部地区之间的差距,却由2000年的7.1个百分点增长到2011年的15.7个百分点。在国家积极稳妥推进城镇化、着力提高城镇化质量的背景下,探究城镇化与经济发展的互动协调性及资源利用效率已成为共识。基于这两个方面,分别利用修正的象限图判别方法与超效率DEA模型展开分析,结果表明:①西部地区仅有广西城镇化与经济水平实现了协调发展,而其他各省(区、市)均出现了不同程度的失调;②在城镇化资源利用效率方面,半数地区达到了超效率DEA有效。反映出西部地区在串联城镇化与经济发展之间的关系时,存在乏力,未能充分实现二者的良性互动;投入到城镇化建设中的部分要素资源,利用效率偏低,出现了冗余以及不足的现象。     

新型城镇化对工业用地利用效率的影响：理论框架与实证检验

研究目的:构建一般化的理论框架,探讨新型城镇化对工业用地利用效率的影响机制。研究方法:数据包络分析方法、全局主成分分析方法、个体固定效应模型。研究结果:(1)土地市场化供给程度、非国有工业企业占比及高科技产业企业占比越高,越有利于提高工业用地利用效率;(2)工业发展规模遵循着规模经济的规律,在一定技术水平的条件下,规模并非越大越好;(3)从短期来看,工业研发投入未能有效促进工业用地利用效率的增加。研究结论:新型城镇化对工业用地利用效率具有显著的正向促进作用,并且中西部地区新型城镇化更能刺激工业用地利用效率的提升。     

新型城镇化对农民收入的影响效应研究基于30个省（市、自治区）面板数据的实证分析

目的 通过人口的城镇化率、土地的城镇化率、经济的城镇化率、就业的城镇化率这4个自变量综合考察新型城镇化对农民收入的直接影响效应和间接影响效应并提出推进新型城镇化建设促进农民增收的建议。方法 文章运用空间杜宾模型,收集近10年我国30个省（市、自治区,不含港澳台、西藏）的相关数据分析新型城镇化对农民收入的影响。结果 新型城镇化通过人口的城镇化、土地的城镇化、经济的城镇化对农民收入产生显著正向的直接效应,且通过经济的城镇化产生显著负向的间接效应,而就业的城镇化对农民收入影响效应不显著;新型城镇化对农民收入的直接效应主要还是由人口的城镇化产生,但也不能忽视土地城镇化和经济城镇化促进农民增收的作用;控制变量中农业经济水平、农村资本投入、对外开放程度、工业化率对农民收入具有显著正向的直接效应,且农村资本投入对农民收入具有显著正向的间接效应。结论 建议政府大力发展农业现代化,促进城乡一体化;盘活农村土地资源,加快农村城镇化;拓宽农民就业渠道,缩小城乡差别。     

我国水资源开发利用与经济高质量发展耦合协调时空分异研究

为探究我国水资源和经济高质量发展的时空协调关系,基于PSR模型和耦合协调理论,结合莫兰指数和GIS对耦合协调结果进行时空分析和刻画,并利用空间杜宾模型分析耦合协调度的影响因素。结果表明：2011—2020年我国水资源开发利用和经济高质量整体发展水平不断提高,区域间发展水平差距呈缩小态势;水资源开发利用和经济高质量发展两系统耦合协调度呈上升趋势,大多数地区将达到中级耦合协调发展阶段;空间上存在显著自相关性,耦合协调度整体呈自东向西、自南向北递减的放射状分布,且近年来初级协调和中级协调地区形成由外向内片区集聚扩张趋势;经济发展水平、科技进步和环境规制水平的提高均对本地区和邻近地区两系统协调发展具有显著正向促进作用和空间溢出效应,水资源禀赋的提升同样对本地区两系统的协调发展具有促进作用,而对邻近地区的作用尚不显著。     

农业绿色水资源利用与农业经济增长脱钩关系研究

[目的]探究全国不同区域农业绿色水资源利用效率及其与农业经济增长间的脱钩关系,期望为农业绿色发展以及推动农业高质量发展提供决策参考。[方法]文章借助全局超效率SBM模型测算出农业绿色水资源利用效率,并依据灰水足迹理论计算出农业灰水足迹,应用脱钩理论及其脱钩程度判定标准,测算中国31个省域的农业绿色水资源利用与经济增长的脱钩程度。[结果]（1）我国的农业绿色水资源利用效率有待提升且存在地区差异,东部沿海地区农业绿色水资源利用效率较高,西部最低;（2）我国农业绿色水资源利用效率与农业经济增长的脱钩状态呈现阶段性并存在区域差异。2008—2015年四大区域普遍处于弱脱钩状态,但2016年之后,各个区域的二者脱钩状态开始呈现扩张性负脱钩,农业绿色水资源利用效率和农业经济增长的脱钩状态趋于缓和。[结论]应深入贯彻绿色发展理念并坚持因地制宜,合理应对区域水资源绿色利用和农业经济增长的关系。     

新型城镇化视域下我国农村经济新常态战略走向研究

本文通过全面分析新型城镇化与农村经济新常态的深刻内涵,从二者之间存在的相互关系入手,探讨出新型城镇化是实现农村经济新常态的重要手段,而农村经济新常态则是新型城镇化建设的正确导向。在我国国民经济实现新常态的过程中,我国农村经济也应该积极发展,实现持续稳定。探究我国农村经济发展,就要充分认清农村经济新常态的战略走向,我国农村经济新常态战略走向呈现出经济速度由高速增长转向中高速增长;增长方式由数量扩张转向质量提升;发展动力由投资驱动转向创新驱动;宏观政策由刺激增长转向区间调控四大特征。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.