日本为何惧怕《波茨坦公告》第八条

69年前的7月26日,中、美、英三国发表《中美英三国促令日本投降之波茨坦公告》,敲响了日本军国主义的丧钟。在世界各地重温《波茨坦公告》的时候,日本舆论对此却保持沉默,日本国内存在一股抹杀《波茨坦公告》的潮流,日本右翼势力长期以来更是仇视《波茨坦公告》,对《波茨坦公告》第八条甚至有一种恐惧感。     

我国日本文学史研究工作进展迅速

三中全会以后,我国的日本文学史研究工作进展很快,最近,先后将有四种新作陆续问世。我国在1949年建国以来,关于日本文学史的专著,只有谢六逸的《日本文学史》(北新,1929)一种。以后,他又出版过《日本文学》(商务,1931)、《日本之文学》(商务,1937)两书,系统地介绍过日本文学。三中全会以后,首先有吉林大学外文系王长新教授的《日本文学史》(1982)出版。这是我国第一部用日文写成的高校文科教材。     

中日经合跨入“宽口径”时代

6月份,中日两国在东京进行了第二次＂中日经济高层对话＂。《日本经济新闻》《、读卖新闻》、《朝日新闻》、《产经新闻》等日本各大媒体都做了具体关注。概括而言,     

脸谱

高仓健身份：演员关键词：逝世11月10日,日本著名男演员高仓健去世,享年83岁。高仓健生前是日本银幕上的经典硬汉,曾主演《追捕》、《铁道员》、《远山的呼唤》、《幸福的黄手绢》以及张艺谋作品《千里走单骑》等片。     

引进节目带领电视综艺节目 走出“抄”时代?

以前的中国电视综艺节目领域模仿风气很重,都说"大陆抄港台,港台抄日本,日本抄欧美,韩国抄日本,湖南抄韩国"。随着知识产权保护意识的增强,引进模式节目现已成为颇为流行的节目研发路径。2013年5月以来,《星跳水立方》、《中国新声代》等扎堆开播闹荧屏,进入夏天还将有《中国好声音》、《快乐男声》、《我的中国星》新一季粉墨登场。     

每一场灾难都是一部教科书

很多年前,看过日本著名作家小松左京在1973年出版的科幻小说《日本沉没》,也看过根据这部小说改变的电影《日本沉没》,当时为作家的大胆描述和电影家们所做的特技感到惊叹。而此次日本遭遇9级     

日本：把食品下脚变成佳肴

日本建设循环型社会最重要的法律是《促进循环型社会形成基本法》。这一法律于2000年6月出台,该法是日本向循环型社会进军的宣言。此后,日本又制定了一系列具体法律,包括《家电循环法》、《汽车循环法案》和《建设循环法》。通过立法回收垃圾,建设循环型社会是很有意义的。政府     

日本企业管理对中国古典思想的吸收

日本企业管理的成功离不开中国文化特别是中国古典思想的长期熏陶。日本企业界人士认为,日本现代企业管理与竞争是建立在《孙子兵法》、《三国演义》和《论语》的基础之上的。中国古典思想,重视人的因素,是“论述如何生存,如何增加智慧”的学说,是“实学”,完全可以用来开发人的智力资源。一、日本企业管理对儒家思想的吸收中国儒家思想对日本的影响最为深刻。早在公元8世纪,儒教就以行政手段得到日本政论推行,提倡孝道,国民诵读《孝经》。进入16世纪,儒教被定为日本官方哲学,日本兴起了对以儒家思想为代表的中国古典思想的全面研究。中世纪的日本在引入儒家思想和制度方面,几乎进入了狂热阶段。直至今日,儒家思想的痕迹,依然显著地存在于日本人身     

略论日本经济战略的转变

步入八十年代,特别是近年来日本面临着日益严峻的挑战:外贸顺差骑虎难下并全面化,以此为契机外汇储备和海外资产急剧增长,日本同美国、西欧乃至亚洲四小之间愈益严重的贸易摩擦引致日元巨幅升值,这使素以出口为主导的日本经济受到严重冲击。日本经济跨入了发展的转型期,适应这一形势的需要日本政府于1986年初推出了《前川报告》、《思考世界中的日本》、《21世纪产业社会的基本构想》以及《推进经济结构调整纲要》等四个     

日本国家公务员和地方公务员的法律制度刍议

日本公务员制度得以顺利推行,主要是有完善的法制保障。除了《日本国宪法》进行原则规定外,《国家公务员法》和《地方公务员法》起着巨大的作用。日本公务员制度的特点主要是:法律体系完善,政治中立原则,国家公务员和地方公务员有所区别。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.