凉山州"小巨人"企业的培育和发展

“小巨人”企业的概念界定 “小巨人”企业是一种“小而强”“小而美”、“小而精”的成长性企业，在凉山经济发展中起到重要作用。“小巨人”企业是指在四川境内合法注册登记，具有独立法人资格、职工人数在2000人以下、年销售收入达到3000万元或出口创汇在200万美元以上、连续2年销售收入增长25％、年利税增长20％、年利润增长20％以上、资产负债率低于70％的各类企业。     

略论"BT"项目的建设

1．1BT项目主体的特征。标准意义上的BT(建设一转让)项目，其主体中一方应为东道国政府或代表政府的政府机构，另一方为投资人(私人或企业，大多数为外商企业)；其中政府或代表政府的政府机构或政府项目公司既是一个与投资平等的伙伴，又应是项目具体实施的监督，具有双重身份：由于在我国“建设项目法人责任制”中规定，项目立项前要先组建项目法人单位，由项目法人对项目建设承担责任。因此在基础设施项目建设中，同样需要成立相应的“建设公司”或“开发公司”之类的公司来承担项目建设的责任，     

盛小木:解读"郁达夫"与"裕达富"的文化内涵

盛小木总经理介绍说，他是浙江富阳人，在电子行业创办一个企业是他一直以来的爱好和梦想，当初他创办“裕达富”并把公司命名为“裕达富”的想法，来源于他对家乡富阳的文化名人“郁达夫”的一种景仰和理解，所以就取了“郁达夫”的谐音。他真诚的希望所创办的企业有文化、有内涵，不乏激情。     

辩证看待"内部人控制"现象

近期，企业的“内部人控制”问题引起了我国经济学界的广泛关注与重视，很多学者提出了导致我国企业“内部人控制”现象的原因和对策。首提“内部人控制”的日本学者青水昌彦说：“我们所说的内部人控制，是指从前的国有企业的经理或工人，在企业公司化的过程中获得相当大一部分控制权的现象。”而目前我国经济学界对“内部人控制”这一概念的理解与认识与之并不一致，但他们都强调“内部人”（经理或工人）掌握了企业的控制权。在这里我们必须明确“企业控制权”到底是一个怎样的权利，是企业资产的经营权，还是企业资产的所有权，还是二者…     

"进取"和"退隐"的融合--论苏轼黄州时期思想

本论述苏轼在贬官黄州时期的复杂思想：既有政治失意之后的“人生如梦”的悲现消极色彩，又有不能忘怀现实，不能忘怀自己“奋厉有当世志”的理想和抱负。苏轼打破了中国传统人士大夫建立的或“进取”或“退隐”的传统人格，建立了一种把“进取”和“退隐”相融合的自由人格。     

企业员工"心理契约"式管理模式的构建

企业员工“心理契约”式管理模式是契约式管理模式的一种类型，是对文件契约式管理模式的补充完善。本文试图从准确理解把握心理契约的科学内涵着手，在简要阐述构建“心理契约”式管理模式的价值取向的基础上，提出构建企业员工“心理契约”式管理模式的初步设想。     

"圆"还是"元":刍议人民币货币单位

对于一种货币，货币当局不可能设置两种或两种以上的货币单位，否则会造成一国币制的混乱，并由此对货币流通与国家的信誉带来负面影响。然而，在现实生活中就存在一个被人们所忽视的问题——人民币货币单位的双重性。展示任何一张纸币，票面上所标示的人民币货币单位无一例外是“圆”字。若以我们日常生活经验及思维习惯，不难推断，此“圆”即“元”之意，     

"企业契约论"的局限性

“企业契约论”把企业本质理解为只是一种契约的认识存在逻辑解释的局限性。问题的症结就在于这一理论的创始者科斯误解了企业取代的对象。企业取代的真正对象其实不是市场而是单干经济。因此，企业本质是一种包含有要素市场交易合约的特殊团队生产。     

"经济利润"及其在投资决策中的应用研究

长期以来，人们一直运用“会计利润”等指标来评价企业经营业绩，并将其作为企业市场价值的主要驱动因素来用于投资决策、企业价值管理等。通过“经济利润”概念以及“基于经济利润的价值评估方法”的阐述，指出“经济利润”作为一种全新的财务理念在企业价值创造的衡量和投资决策中具有重要作用。     

打破"绿色壁垒"的限制

当今世界，贸易自由化的发展促进了各个国家间的经济、文化的交流与合作。但是，与此同时各国也在加紧对别国的商品进入本国市场设置障碍，“绿色壁垒”就是最盛行的一种。面对加入WTO的新变化、新挑战，我国政府和企业必须主动调整经营策略，分析绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易发展的利与弊，预测新的绿色壁垒的发展方向，采取防范措施，制定相应的对策，以突破绿色壁垒。一、绿色壁垒的兴起绿色壁垒是技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）的一种形式，是指那些为了保护生态环境、自然资源、人类和动植物的生命或健康等目的而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸…     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for Reality Mining

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.