如何用校园文化推动学生创业

学校是社会人才培养的基地,对学生进行创业能力的培养,是高职院校改革和发展的趋势。而校园文化是直接影响学生成长的环境因素,是推动学生创业的重要方式和途径。它影响到学生创业意识和创业品格的形成,影响到学生创业潜能的挖掘和创业行为的产生。培育自主创业的校园文化氛围,培养学生的创业基础能力、创业意识、创业行为以及创业的思维模式已势在必行。     

The entrepreneurial university: Examining the underlying academic tensions

With increasing pressure on universities to play a role in the national innovation process, this exploratory case study investigates how the concept of the entrepreneurial university (Etzkowitz et al., 2000) is manifesting itself within the context of a comprehensive European university setting. Semi-structured interviews with key professors spanning the diverse disciplines of the university were conducted to uncover attitudes towards the entrepreneurial third mission and the underlying complexities of developing a unified entrepreneurial character within the institution. The case study identifies the emergence of an increasing schizophrenic divide between disciplines within the university. This attitudinal split has the potential to cause widespread disharmony amongst the academic community and impede progress towards achievement of the third mission. The case findings reveal that a strong top-down push towards the ideal of the entrepreneurial university would actually reduce overall entrepreneurial activity across the university. This case study finds support for Burgelman's (1983) understanding of the entrepreneurial process, and identifies a number of key barriers to realising the entrepreneurial ideal. Ultimately, the case study calls into question the assertion of Etzkowitz et al. (2000) that the concept of the entrepreneurial university is a global phenomenon with an isomorphic development path.     

Entrepreneurial intention among University students in Malaysia: integrating self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior

The present study endeavors to develop a deeper understanding of the motivational processes involved in intentional entrepreneurial behavior. For this purpose, it integrates the social cognitive approach of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the organismic theory of motivation of self-determination theory (SDT). More specifically, it tests the role of basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness as defined in SDT in shaping university students’ attitudes and intentions toward entrepreneurship. The sample of this study consisted of 438 (Males?=?166, Females =272) 3rd and 4th year university students from four Malaysian Public Universities. The results of the study show that the model strongly explains about 71% of the variance in entrepreneurial intention. Basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness have a strong indirect impact on entrepreneurial intention via their attitudinal antecedents: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. This indicates a full-mediational model, where the attitudinal factors operated as transmitters of effects from the distal constructs of SDT on entrepreneurial intention. These findings confirm that both SDT and the TPB provide complementary explanations of the motivational processes of entrepreneurial behavior. The study contributes to the existing knowledge by providing a theory-based understanding of the role of motivations in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. It opens the way for future research to analyze how alternative motivations may affect new venture creation, survival and success.

     

The role of entrepreneurship education as a predictor of university students’ entrepreneurial intention

Using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Shapero’s entrepreneurial event model as well as entrepreneurial cognition theory, we attempt to identify the relationship between entrepreneurship education, prior entrepreneurial exposure, perceived desirability and feasibility, and entrepreneurial intentions (EI) for university students. The data were collected from a survey of ten universities; we received 494 effective responses. We used probit estimation to show that perceived desirability significantly impacts EI whereas there is no significant impact from perceived feasibility. There is a significant negative impact from exposure (which is surprising) and a significant positive impact from entrepreneurship education. Males and people from technological universities and/or backgrounds have higher EI than females and people from other universities and backgrounds. There are also significant positive interactive effects by gender, university type, and study major on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and EI.     

创业型大学建设目标下教学主体激励机制研究

创业型大学建设目标越来越成为高校改革发展的重要选择。创业型发展模式的确立,必然要求在原有教学和科研领域引发相应变革,向创业型转型的微观基础是解决高校教学主体面向创业型大学建设目标的激励机制问题,其中教师是创业型大学的核心元素,对教学主体的激励问题尤为关键。从创业型大学的特色和发展模式认识出发,分析了创业型大学建设目标下的人才培养目标与教学要求,认为应着眼于倡导优胜劣汰、鼓励不拘一格创新、突出需求导向、扶持团队教研项目和强化业绩质量观,建立相应的教学体系激励机制。     

基于校园自发行为的高校建筑交往空间研究

高校交往空间作为信息传递、休息娱乐、学术交流的场所,在当下日渐成为高校建筑创作的要点。本文基于高校自发行为研究校园建筑优质交往空间,并对其文化意境氛围的营造方式做出简要解析。以期诱导和深化师生自发行为,刺激其交往与创造性,为校园动态可持续发展提供指导意见。     

Towards the entrepreneurial university: the principal-agent problem

The purpose of the paper is to explore how an individualized incentive system could increase professors’ motivation to contribute to the university’s mission to become entrepreneurial in transition countries. The paper proposes a conceptual analysis that draws on the principal-agent problem to examine incentives that may stimulate institutional change. It considers the framework of a university becoming entrepreneurial and assumes that the principal is dean while the agent is a professor. It contributes to the national innovation system literature by providing new insights about the institutional change in transition countries. The contribution is threefold: it distinguishes between an ordinary and an entrepreneurial university, it explains relationship between micro and meso levels in the process of institutional change towards entrepreneurial university, it refines knowledge on individualized incentive system acting as a motivation for professors to contribute to university becoming entrepreneurial. The paper challenges studies that dismiss the micro level role of human agency in institutional change. The conceptual arguments have important managerial implications for all public and private institutions.

     

安全稳定视阈下高校资助工作探析

高校的安全稳定是高校改革发展的基础,是促进社会稳定的需要,是建设和谐社会的需要。而高校贫困生作为大学校园内的一个特殊群体,做好贫困生的资助工作关乎校园稳定,也是和谐社会构建的必然要求。因此,高校资助工作中必须在保证公平的前提下,注重对贫困生的思想政治教育、心理辅导和贫困生管理工作,并切实发挥高校辅导员的实际作用,从而为建设和谐校园、和谐社会打下坚实基础。     

Evaluating the impact of prior experience in entrepreneurial intention

Although entrepreneurial behavior is proposed as part of the solution to fragile labor markets, in particular in periods of economic and social change, policy makers are struggling to find the right levers to promote it. Despite the extant prior research on entrepreneurial behavior, little is known on the entrepreneurial behavior drivers for the individuals of working age with experience. Prior research explores the influence of entrepreneurial knowledge to study the drivers of experienced individuals evaluating whether or not to engage in an entrepreneurial behavior. This research introduces entrepreneurial knowledge to study the impact of prior experience on entrepreneurial intention. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this research work analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurial knowledge and entrepreneurial intention, and the mediating effects of the TPB perceptual variables: personal attitude (PA), social norm (SN), and perceived behavioral-control (PBC). A structural equation model (SEM) has been used to analyze the responses of a sample of 431 experienced individuals of working-age that completed a questionnaire based on Liñan & Chen’s, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 593–618, (2009) Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). The results showed that entrepreneurial knowledge positively influences entrepreneurial intention and that this influence is mediated by the perceptual variables of the TPB model (PA, SN, PBC). These findings contribute to the understanding of the entrepreneurial intention for experienced individuals and consolidate the use of the TPB model to study individual entrepreneurial intention. The findings suggest that policy makers should pay more attention to individual entrepreneurial knowledge, and strengthen the attractiveness of an entrepreneurial career, if they are interested in fostering entrepreneurial behavior among individuals of working age with experience.     

Feeling the risks: effects of the development of emotional competences with outdoor training on the entrepreneurial intent of university students

Nowadays, one of the roles of universities is the promotion of entrepreneurship, particularly, among students. Research on entrepreneurship at an individual level of analysis focuses on the personal characteristics and the entrepreneurial attitude that stimulate its development, studying the factors affecting that some individuals discover and exploit opportunities by creating a company, while others do not. Yet, it has been proved that psychological characteristics of individuals affect their entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, experiential learning techniques, such as outdoor training have been showed as useful to change emotional competences. However, there is not any research on how changes in emotional competencies influence individual entrepreneurial intent in university students, particularly after participating in an outdoor training experience. This paper analyses quantitative and qualitative data of last-year university students who participated in an outdoor training experience, measuring its emotional competences and entrepreneurial orientation, before and after that experience. It contributes to the understanding on how changes in emotional competences affect the entrepreneurial intent of university students. Results indicate that changes in emotional competences, such as self-management, social awareness, and relationship management affect entrepreneurial orientation, particularly innovation and risk, affecting, thus, entrepreneurial intention.     

Does direct experience matter? Examining the consequences of current entrepreneurial behavior on entrepreneurial intention

Entrepreneurial behavior research has used intention models to explain how an individual’s beliefs shape the attitudes and motivations that influence entrepreneurial intention. Nevertheless, as entrepreneurship promotion initiatives become global, it becomes relevant to explore the consequences of being engaged in entrepreneurial behavior on entrepreneurial intention. We aim to shed light on whether the direct experience reinforces an individual’s entrepreneurial intention or reduces it. Building on an extended version of the planned behavior theory, we use the behavioral reasoning theory to propose a research design to study the influence of being currently engaged in entrepreneurial behavior on entrepreneurial intention. We introduce individual’s age as an additional moderator of the effects of directly experiencing entrepreneurial behavior. We use PLS-MGA to complete a multi-group SEM analysis for different groups of individuals (from a sample of 430), comparing groups based on their entrepreneurial activity and age group. Results of this research work evidence that current engagement in entrepreneurship activities produces significant differences in the intention to start a new venture between older and younger participants. The results suggest that engagement in entrepreneurial activity modifies entrepreneurial intention and that these effects are contingent to the individual’s age. This research work contributes to the extant call to explore reverse causality between actual behavior and an individual’s intention by introducing behavioral reasoning theory. These results provide support to initiatives to adapt entrepreneurship promotion efforts to the specific characteristics of the participants.     

基于需求视角的高校校园生态道路系统规划研究

随着高校校园产生新的变化,形成新的发展趋势,高校校园道路使用者也对校园道路系统产生了新的需求,校园道路系统生态化建设成为重要方向,本文从使用者需求视角对高校校园生态道路系统规划问题进行了分析总结,期望能对我国高校园区建设提供一些参考。     

论高校教师谦诚尚雅师风对构建和谐校园的影响

文化作为一种"文化力",对一个组织乃至一个社会发展的推动促进作用已被广泛认同。学校文化是学校的一种价值取向,它必须融入学校师生的思想与行为。本文讨论了高校教师谦诚尚雅师风建设对构建和谐校园的影响,以期能引起重视和加强教师的教风建设。     

大学新校区建设项目社会影响的后评价主要指标的分析与构建

我国的高等教育已逐步从原先的精英教育向大众教育转变。由于大学老校区的现状很大的限制了高校的继续发展,各高校纷纷开始新建新校区。近年来全国仅已建和在建的高校新校区130余所,占地分别在几百到几千亩。大学新校区作为城市郊区的科研文化中心,对于整个城市或区域社会的教育布局、配套服务设施的规划、人力资源分配等等同样也产生着重要的影响。研究大学新校区建设项目的社会影响对完善大学新校区建设项目,发挥大学知识辐射效应有着极为重要的作用。     

谈大学校园休闲体育产业开发与市场化运作

大学校园有社会公众需求的休闲体育的环境优势,人们健康需求日趋迫切。因此,为了发挥大学校园休闲健身资源优势,提升大学校园休闲体育产业的活力,有必要对大学校园休闲体育产业进行开发与市场化运作。休闲体育是时代背景下应运而生的,有其特定的内涵。大学校园休闲体育产业开发与市场化运作应充分考虑大众需求和市场化的规律。这样才能发挥其杠杆作用。     

Entrepreneurial education and learning at universities: exploring multilevel contingencies

Abstract

Despite the worldwide increase in entrepreneurship education offered at universities, there is an ongoing debate whether and under which conditions this type of education contributes to students’ entrepreneurial learning. Building on human capital theory, we hypothesize that the exposure to various entrepreneurship education initiatives has an inverted U-shaped relationship with entrepreneurial learning outcomes. We also argue that this relationship is moderated by the entrepreneurial experience of the students, the teaching pedagogy applied in entrepreneurial initiatives offered at the university and the prevalence of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in the country. A multi-level analysis on a cross-country sample of 87,918 students resulting from GUESSS (‘Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey’) strongly confirms our hypotheses, and allows us to discuss implications for researchers, educators and policy makers with respect to the nature of entrepreneurial learning, the design of entrepreneurial education programs, as well as the contextual conditions that impact entrepreneurial learning outcomes.     

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: the Turkish case

This paper examines the relationship of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and entrepreneurial intention in the Turkish culture. Sub-dimensions of ESE were investigated and the level of entrepreneurial intention was discussed. The sample comprised of 245 undergraduate students of a university in Turkey. Results suggest that students have a high intention to be entrepreneurs. ESE has a strong effect on entrepreneurial intention, but sub-dimensions of ESE have different impacts. The results of the study were compared with a previously published study conducted in the USA and Korea by a group of researchers. In this comparison, the national cultural context was considered as an influential factor in entrepreneurship.     

Factors affecting peasant entrepreneurs’ intention in the Chinese context

In the extant literature, research attention has been largely given to explore the issue of Chinese peasant entrepreneurship based on strategic entrepreneurial perspective. The current study examines the intention of Chinese peasant entrepreneurs based on entrepreneurial behavior perspective and hypothesizes that self-efficacy positively moderates the relationship between the need for power and entrepreneurial intention and the relationship between institutional environment and entrepreneurial intention. An analysis of a sample of 298 Chinese peasants proved most of the hypotheses. Results show that the need for power has a positive influence on the entrepreneurial intentions of the selected low-social-status population. Results also reveal the positive effect of the institutional environment perceived by individuals on entrepreneurial intention. The finding indicates that the government can enhance the entrepreneurial intention of rural individuals by updating entrepreneurial policies, by training and education in entrepreneurial activities that target the rural masses, and by promoting a successful entrepreneurial model. Moreover, positive moderation of self-efficacy on the relationship between the need for power and entrepreneurial intention is proven, which indicates that the effects of these two factors on entrepreneurial intention mutually reinforce each other. The finding also indicates that moderation of self-efficacy on the relationship between the institutional environment and entrepreneurial intention is negative that shows that self-efficacy and institutional environment can substitute for each other.     

试论大学生文明礼仪与心理素质的关系

在大学校园有许多不知礼、不守礼、不文明的行为,还有许多与大学生的礼仪素养、与精神文明建设极不和谐的现象。通常情况下,这部分人和行为都被视为没有素质、没修养。殊不知有些情况是与大学生不健全的心理素质息息相关的。文中以这部分学生为例,来探讨一下大学生文明礼仪与心理素质之间的关系。     

女大学生创业意识现状与高校的作为

本文通过问卷调查,分析了解在校女大学生创业意识与高校创业教育现状:多数女生有明确职业规划,对创业认识客观,对同辈创业态度宽容,但创业素养不够使信心不足,自主创业非未来职业首要选择,真正创业需有物质精神双助力。究其原因,与不少高校女大学生创业教育开展力度广度不够有关。高校必须加强心理健康教育和创业教育,建立健全创业教育体系,培养女大学生创业素养和能力,并创造条件,建立创业基地,加大扶持力度,为女大学生创业指引导航。