Financial performance and survival of multinational corporations in China

This study investigates the impact of entry timing, mode of entry, market focus, and location advantages on the financial performance and survival of multinational corporations (MNCs) in China. Three major results were found. First, MNCs that entered China in an earlier year had a higher level of profit than those that entered in a later year. Second, equity joint ventures (EJVs) had a higher profit level than cooperative operations or wholly foreign‐owned subsidiaries. Third, MNCs that utilized well the location advantages in China had a higher profit. We also found that EJVs were more likely to survive compared to cooperative operations, while wholly owned subsidiaries did not differ from EJVs. The findings are based on a 2‐year study of about 1000 MNC operations in China. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Taxonomy of Sourcing Strategic Types for MNCs Operating in China

This paper presents a taxonomic study of sourcing strategy types and their relationships to subsidiary profitability. Using the taxonomic approach, this study identifies five sourcing strategy types based on the decision rules of direction and volume of sourcing activities, namely market access, offshore platform, offshore manufacturing, local sourcing, and complex sourcing. We validated these sourcing types by linking them to a set of business and investment strategic factors. Based on a sample of 319 foreign subsidiaries in China, the results confirm the taxonomy of sourcing types indicating that sourcing strategy types indeed vary along the strategic factors including wage rates, R&D intensity, subsidiary size, capital commitment, ownership control and partner type.     

外资参与对企业研发投入的影响研究——基于中国上市企业的实证分析

本文利用中国2009～2014年外资参与的318家上市公司的样本数据,实证分析了外资持股和外资控股两种情况对企业研发投入的影响。研究结果显示：外资参与对中国企业研发活动存在积极影响,但该影响在外资持股和外资控股两种情形下存在显著差异,当外资持股股东不是第一大股东时,外资持股比例对企业研发投入虽然具有促进作用,但该作用十分微弱,当外资持股股东为第一大股东时,即存在外资控股情况时,对企业研发投入的促进作用十分显著。     

我国外资政策调整的影响分析与政策建议

改革开放以来,外商直接投资以空前的速度在我国发展起来,迄今为止,我国已成为世界上接受外商投资最多的国家之一。但是,由于许多国家竞相调整外资政策,向外国投资者提供更多优惠,各国之间的引资竞争日趋激烈,今后吸收外资的总体形势不容盲目乐观。本文回顾了我国外商投资的发展历程,分析了取消外资企业优惠政策可能带来的负面影响,并对外资政策的调整提供了一些政策建议。     

OPPORTUNITY AND CONSTRAINT: ORGANIZATIONS’ LEARNING FROM THE OPERATING AND COMPETITIVE EXPERIENCE OF INDUSTRIES

Organizational learning is central to a number of strategic theories. Recent arguments, however, identify risks associated with learning from own experience in the form of overattention to the short term and local conditions. The experience of the industry may offer opportunities for organizational learning that the experience of the organization does not, because industry experience is more varied, and not tied to the path-dependent history of any one organization. We investigate the influence of own experience and of two types of industry experience on the failure rates of U.S. hotel chains. The two types of industry experience are operating experience, which is a discounted sum of the units operated by U.S. hotel chains in the history of the industry, and competitive experience, which is a discounted sum of the number of failures of U.S. hotel chains in the history of the industry. We find that (a) organizations initially benefit from their own experience, but are harmed in the long run, (b) generalist organizations are more weakly affected by their own experience than specialists, (c) organizations benefit from their industry’s operating experience, accumulated both before and after the organization’s entry, and (d) organizations benefit from their industry’s competitive experience, but only after the organization’s entry. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

联想集团“波形”轨迹下的组织演变——“试误式学习”惯例与组织可塑性的交互作用

组织演变过程的研究对于发展目前新兴的动态视角的组织理论具有重要推动作用。对联想集团成立迄今组织结构演变进程的纵贯考察与多时点归纳比较显示,组织演变未必是管理者精心设计的,也不一定呈现"间断式均衡"的轨迹;以"波形"轨迹展开的组织渐进性变化过程,具有等后效性;渐变的驱动力量可以来自面对问题实践探索和总结完善中产生的应变。在具有较强可塑性的企业中,组织体会在试误式学习惯例的驱动下产生一种内生力量,摆脱前期路径的锁定,并展现"波浪式前进"的演进路线。对应的,高层管理者的作用需要从"有形之手"转变为角色隐蔽的"变形之手"。本文在归纳分析中提出了一个用以解释组织渐变中路径创造得以发生的理论模型。     

基于熵权的组织学习效果评价研究

在综合相关研究的基础上,设计了组织学习效果评价指标体系,构建了基于熵权的组织学习效果评价模型,选择一些典型企业进行了定量实证研究,结果表明熵权能很好地反映组织学习状况。为企业管理者提供了评价及提升组织学习效果的方法和启示。     

The red queen in organizational evolution

We propose that competitive success and failure evolve through an ecology of organizational learning. An organization facing competition is likely to engage in a search for ways to improve performance. When successful, this search results in learning that is likely to increase the organization's competitive strength, which in turn triggers learning in its rivals—consequently making them stronger competitors and so again triggering learning in the first organization. We elaborate the conditions under which this self-reinforcing process, known in evolutionary theory as the ‘Red Queen,’ is likely to be adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive consequences are predicted only for recently experienced learning. Experience in the more distant past of an organization's life, by contrast, is predicted to backfire into a ‘competency trap.’ We predict maladaptive consequences when organizations face many, varied cohorts of rivals. We empirically distinguish these effects using ecological models of competition. Estimates of organizational failure rales reveal a Red Queen among Illinois banks, and support our predictions.     

The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment

Relatively few studies have examined the importance of an entry's sequential position to the choice of foreign entry mode. We use a dynamic model to analyze sequential entries into the United States from 1975 to 1992. Our findings show that several independent variables which explain a firm's initial mode of entry do not explain the modes of subsequent entries. These findings underscore the importance of experience in foreign investment, as companies learn from early entries and adapt the modes of subsequent ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于知识的动态能力演化模型研究

本文提出了一个基于组织知识的动态能力演化模型。在分析了能力的知识构成 ,并提出企业能力改变的 1 8种维度的基础上 ,本文认为动态能力的演化主要是围绕变异、内部选择、传播和保持四个阶段循环进行。在循环过程中 ,交织着认知性努力与行为性努力 ,并且不断进行新的经营惯例的产生与运用 ,整个过程是一个学习性惯例过程     

西方对外直接投资理论综述

对外直接投资已成为经济全球化的一种重要经济现象。学者们对这种现象展开了广泛研究,形成了诸多理论。文章从微观、中观和宏观三个层次对西方对外直接投资理论进行了较为全面地梳理和评述,特别是基于实物期权视角的对外直接投资理论。