FDI流入、要素再配置效应与中国服务业生产率——基于分行业的经验研究

本文使用服务业分行业面板数据,对2004-2012年间中国服务业分行业的全要素生产率(TFP)、资本和劳动力要素的再配置效应进行测算和分析。发现服务业分行业全要素生产率整体呈上升趋势,但存在较大的行业异质性,且资本、劳动力要素的再配置贡献效应偏低。实证结果表明,服务业FDI通过资本要素再配置效应对中国服务业产生显著的正向生产率溢出;而劳动力要素在服务部门间配置的扭曲使得服务业FDI的劳动力再配置效应并不显著。此外,研发创新并没有推动服务业全要素生产率的增长,且人力资本也没有起到其应有的强化吸收能力作用。     

中国省域物流业绿色全要素生产率的演进及溢出

本文运用包含非期望产出的SBM—ML模型对全国30省2004—2016年的物流业绿色全要素生产率进行测度,通过核密度估计和马尔科夫链探讨其时空演进特征,并借助空间面板计量模型分析物流业绿色全要素生产率的影响因素和空间溢出效应。结果表明:物流业绿色全要素生产率具有显著的动态演进规律,省域间物流发展协调度有待提高;物流业绿色全要素生产率存在显著的正空间自相关特征,表现为生产率较高的省份趋于相邻,生产率较低的省份趋于相邻;物流业绿色全要素生产率的主要驱动因素包括交通网络密度、物流能源强度、交通运输强度和人均GDP,各影响因素具有显著的空间溢出效应,其中市场化进程的正向溢出效应最高,对外开放程度和地区产业结构的溢出效应为负。     

R&D、人力资本与TFP的实证分析——协整与误差修正模型

本文主要研究了研发投入R&D以及人力资本对全要素生产率TFP的作用,此外还进一步地分析了人力资本不同组成部分对全要素生产率的影响作用。我们在这里采用协整分析和误差修正模型对我国1982—2007年的相关数据进行了实证检验。实证结果表明,研发投入R&D对全要素生产率有着显著的促进作用,而全国平均人力资本(用全社会从业人员平均受教育年数表示)对全要素生产率并没有显著的促进作用。人力资本的不同组成部分对全要素生产率影响作用也大不相同,数据结果显示基础教育和中等教育对全要素生产率没有表现出积极的促进作用,而高等教育对全要素生产率却有着显著的推动作用。     

绿色税制对稀土企业全要素生产率促进作用研究——基于资源税改革的实证分析

为实现“双碳”目标、促进绿色低碳经济建设，以资源税改革为准自然实验，基于2012-2021年20家稀土上市企业的微观数据，以LP法构建企业全要素生产率指标，采用固定效应模型分析绿色税制对提升企业全要素生产率以及促进稀土产业高质量发展的积极作用。研究发现：稀土资源税改革能显著提升稀土产业的全要素生产率，研发投入与全要素生产率之间存在正相关关系，且研发投入在稀土资源税改革和全要素生产率之间起中介作用；稀土资源税改革对中游企业的全要素生产率有明显的促进作用，但对上游和下游企业的作用并不显著。为促进稀土企业全要素生产率提升，应完善绿色税收体系、提高研发投入强度、制定差异化稀土资源税率、完善资源税与其他政策之间的协调性。     

供应链数字化对企业全要素生产率的影响效应研究——基于准自然实验和双重差分模型

本文基于供应链创新与应用试点城市和企业政策的背景,采用准自然实验和双重差分模型为研究手段,借助2011—2021年上市公司数据为研究样本实证检验了供应链数字化对企业全要素生产率的影响效应及异质性问题,研究发现,与非试点企业相比,供应链数字化能够显著提升企业全要素生产率,而且通过平稳趋势检验、安慰剂检验及PSM—DID方法检验后结论依然可靠。但由于企业性质、企业创新特征及生命周期阶段存在一定的差异性,具体表现为供应链数字化对民营企业、高科技企业、成长期及成熟期企业全要素生产率具有显著提升作用。最后,为进一步推动企业数字化转型及全要素生产率提升,本文提出制定完善的政策框架,加强信息共享和合作,提供培训和技术服务,推进政府与企业的合作与示范项目,鼓励企业加大创新与研发投入力度相关政策建议,以供参考。     

国际研发、知识产权保护水平与进口贸易的研发外溢效应——基于我国省际面板数据的实证研究

本文以1997—2015年中国各省的面板数据为样本,实证检验了各省进口贸易的国际研发溢出及知识产权保护水平对全要素生产率及其分解效应的影响,并控制了各省研发资本、研发人员的投入。实证结果表明,进口贸易的国际研发溢出对各省的全要素生产率有明显的促进作用,尤其是资本品的进口。国内研发资本只对技术进步有显著的正向影响,研发人员越多越能带来技术效率的改善。分区域的回归结果表明,进口贸易的研发外溢只对东部区域的全要素生产率和西部区域的技术进步有促进作用,中部全要素生产率的提高主要来自于本区域内的研发资本投入。各省知识产权保护水平越严格越有利于全要素生产率的增长,也能使进口贸易研发外溢资本,尤其是资本品进口贸易的研发外溢资本带动全要素生产率的提高。     

财政分权影响中国经济绿色增长吗?

基于2003-2017年285个城市面板数据,利用非径向性方向距离函数和共同前沿方法测度绿色全要素生产率及其分解,并利用动态空间模型实证分析财政分权对经济绿色增长的影响及其传导途径.结果 表明:城市绿色全要素生产率及其分解呈现出明显的时间异质性和空间异质性;财政分权显著有利于经济绿色增长,且这种影响存在明显的城市类型异质性和区域异质性;财政分权通过增加研发投入和基础设施建设,促进了经济绿色增长,但与此同时,财政分权引致了规制竞争和市场分割,抑制了经济绿色增长.     

贸易条件与制造业全要素生产率

基于1999—2018年中国制造业行业面板数据,考察贸易条件对全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,贸易条件与全要素生产率显著负相关。异质性分析表明：贸易条件对制造业全要素生产率的影响存在显著的行业异质性,并且贸易条件改善对劳动密集型行业综合技术效率增长有积极影响,对资本技术密集型行业综合技术效率增长具有显著的抑制效应;金融危机前贸易条件改善对综合技术效率增长有显著抑制作用,金融危机后贸易条件改善对综合技术效率增长有显著促进作用。作用机制检验结果显示,贸易条件对制造业全要素生产率的影响主要是通过科研投入强度路径实现的。     

产业集聚与中国企业出口:基于创新要素流动视角

本文运用扩展的异质性贸易模型,构建产业集聚与企业出口行为的理论机制,并以创新要素流动的视角重塑产业集聚溢出效应建立理论假说。基于2000—2008年的中国工业企业数据库进行计量验证,结果表明:产业集聚显著促进企业出口二元边际,产业集聚通过R&D资本流动对企业出口行为的影响并不凸显,而R&D人员流动对企业出口决策的影响占总效应的90%。采用工具变量法和Heckman二元选择模型,解决联立方程和选择偏误引起的内生性问题后,研究结果依然稳健。从创新要素流动的视角,企业生产率对扩展边际存在生产率悖论现象,而对集约边际不存在生产率悖论现象。调整地区产业专业化集聚和释放创新要素流动的制度结构,是提升质量核心竞争力的有效途径。     

中国快递业的本土市场规模与产业升级

利用2004-2013年我国快递业数据对本土市场规模与全要素生产率之间关系进行实证分析发现,"以市场促创新"或"以市场规模驱动创新"的假说在我国快递市场基本不成立。本土市场规模对效率的改进仅有并不显著的正向作用,而对生产率及技术进步具有显著的负向作用。此外,资本密度对快递业全要素生产率指数影响为正,而人力资本及研发密度对快递业全要素生产率指数影响为负。从作用机制看,本土市场规模对我国快递业全要素生产率的影响作用机制可进一步归纳为聚集和竞争效应,本土市场规模的扩大伴随着资本密度的提高、人力资本及研发密度的降低,对生产率增长与技术进步产生正向作用,对效率改进产生负向影响。但由于我国快递业市场仍然属于劳动密集型行业,技术基础薄弱,研发资金使用效率低下,并没有随着快递本土市场规模的扩大在我国快递业中产生聚集和竞争效应,加之多数快递企业更倾向于通过服务产品模仿来抢占市场而不是真正进行技术创新,导致我国快递企业创新能力即使在本土市场规模持续扩大的前提下也无法提高,本土市场规模扩大对全要素生产率的聚集和竞争效应并未在我国快递行业得以体现,未来改变竞争模式与提高技术创新将是我国快递业转型升级的必然路径。     

中国地区间研发资源错配测算与影响因素分析

随着中国的研发投入总量进入世界第一梯队,研发投入(资源)的配置状况成为决定研发产出效率的关键因素之一。本文基于一个包含研发资源价格扭曲的多部门竞争均衡模型,以2001—2016年各省份规模以上工业企业数据为样本,对中国地区间研发资源错配情况及其影响因素进行全面考察。研究发现:(1)各省份之间的研发劳动错配高于研发资本错配,多数省份倾向于过度配置研发资源,省份之间研发资源配置效率总体上呈逐步改善趋势,纠正错配可以使研发产出提升约16%;(2)东部各省份研发资源配置相对较为合理,但研发劳动配置略有不足,中部、西部和东北各省均存在不同程度的研发资源过度配置现象,东部和西部的研发资源配置效率一直在改善,东北和中部则没有表现出持续的改进态势;(3)市场发育程度、偏向性政策扶持、地区创新环境是研发资源错配的主要影响因素,在研发资源过度配置地区,这些因素的作用更为显著。本文的启示是,在当前全面实施创新驱动发展战略的大背景下,政府相关部门在积极引导全社会加大研发投入力度的同时,还应以市场为导向,进一步优化不同地区间的研发资源配置,实现研发效率的提升和经济的高质量发展。     

Division of Labor between Innovation Intermediaries for SMEs: Productivity Effects of Interfirm Organizations in Japan

Innovation intermediaries are individuals or organizations that help others improve productivity. This study examines how small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) chose intermediaries and how intermediaries affected total factor productivity (TFP) growth of participants through different channels. Estimated switching regression models reveal that cooperative associations improved TFP of participants through cost sharing, such as joint logistics, while voluntary groups improved TFP of participants through knowledge sharing, such as joint R&D. Innovative SMEs appear to have exploited different intermediaries so that the benefit from each intermediary would be complementary to TFP growth. The results suggest the division of labor between intermediaries.     

Credit constraints, entrepreneurial talent, and economic development

In this paper, we formalize the view that economic development requires high rates of productive entrepreneurship, and this requires an efficient matching between entrepreneurial talent and production technologies. We first explore the role of financial development in promoting such efficient allocation of talent, which results in higher production, job creation, and social mobility. We then show how different levels of financial development may endogenously arise in a setting in which financial constraints depend on individual incentives to misbehave, these incentives depend on how many jobs are available, and this in turn depends on the level of financial development. Such complementarity between labor market and financial market development may generate highly divergent development paths even for countries with very similar initial conditions.     

Regional integration and technology diffusion: The case of Uruguay

We examine the impact of trade-related R&D spillovers from the country's partners in the MERCOSUR as well as from the European Union and NAFTA blocs and the rest of the world on total factor productivity for the Uruguayan case at the industry level, for the period 1988–95. Furthermore, we analyse the impact of domestic R&D in Uruguay. There is an evidence of trade-related technology diffusion from MERCOSUR partners to Uruguay, although domestic R&D has apositive impact on productivity. Thus, policies aimed to promote domestic R&D and decreasing trade barriers could enhance Uruguayan manufacturing productivity.     

R&D spillovers through trade in a panel of OECD industries

This paper investigates the significance of Research and Development (R&D) spillovers through intra- and international trade in intermediate goods for productivity growth in a panel of OECD industries during 1973–1994. In the model, four different sources of R&D are identified: R&D conducted in the particular industry itself, R&D conducted in the same industries in other countries, R&D conducted in other domestic industries, and R&D conducted in other foreign industries. I find that among R&D sources the most important contributions to productivity growth come from the domestic R&D efforts. Here, own R&D is important for both domestic innovation and for the productivity catch-up process. Evidence that international R&D spillovers also have significant effects on productivity growth is found to be less robust. My analysis also shows that human capital affects productivity directly as a factor of production.     

公共投资与经济增长的相关分析--中国数据的计量检验

本文在现有文献研究的基础上,依据中国改革开放20多年的实际数据,运用内生增长理论构建计量经济模型,对公共物质资本投资、公共人力资本投资及R&D投资与经济增长的相关性进行了协整检验和格兰杰因果关系检验,结果发现:三种公共投资具有不同程度的正向经济增长效应,并且其促进经济增长的路径也不相同.公共物质资本投资主要是通过资本积累效应拉动经济增长,而公共人力资本投资及研发投资则是通过提高全要素生产率及外部性效应促进经济增长.并且,在不同的发展阶段上,三种公共投资与经济增长的因果关系及驱动机制又有所不同.针对实证结果得出结论及政策建议,进而为优化我国公共投资政策提供决策依据.     

Imported Intermediate Inputs,R&D,and Productivity at Firm Level: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Industries

This article examines the effects of imported intermediary inputs and in-house research and development (R&D) on productivity growth, using firm-level data from Indian manufacturing industries for the period 2000–09. For this purpose, we adopted two empirical frameworks: production function and growth accounting method. The estimated results from the production function framework suggest that the impact of imported intermediary goods on output is reasonably sizable. The role of R&D activities under this framework is found to be insignificant. The analysis based on the growth accounting suggests that total factor productivity of firms is linked with import and R&D activities.     

Domestic vs. International Spillovers: Evidence from Swedish Firm Level Data

This paper investigates the association between total factor productivity growth and the R&D expenditures of Swedish manufacturing firms in the presence of domestic- and international R&D spillovers. The paper assumes that the principal channel of transmission of new technology is through I/O relations. Econometric evidence suggests that international as well as domestic inter-industry R&D spillovers are important determinants of firms’ productivity growth in the long run. The R&D spillovers generated within the industry and following I/O links seem to be of minor importance in explaining productivity growth. It seems likely that within-industry productivity spillovers follow other channels than I/O flows, such as horizontal spillovers through copying of new products and processes, or labour turnover. The use of a convergence parameter is one way to check for such within-industry technology flows. Our results indicate that a catch-up process exists by which the non-frontier firms in the Swedish manufacturing sector absorb knowledge spillovers from the leading firms in the industry. Finally, a firm’s own R&D efforts are found to be more or less positively correlated with the TFP growth, maybe the contribution from R&D efforts in some sense are underestimated.     

Firm R&D,Absorptive Capacity and Learning by Exporting: Firm‐level Evidence from China

The absorptive capacity of firms developed through R&D promotes learning by exporting. In this paper, we estimate the instantaneous and long‐run productivity effects of exporting on the universe of Chinese manufacturing firms. We find that exporting has very different productivity effects for firms with different pre‐export R&D status. It has large and lasting productivity effects for firms with pre‐export R&D, while it has little effects for firms without pre‐export R&D. Furthermore, the effect of exporting increases with the number of years of pre‐export R&D investment.     

Innovation and trade with heterogeneous firms

This paper examines how trade liberalization affects the innovation incentives of firms, and what this implies for industry productivity. For this purpose we develop a reciprocal dumping model of international trade with heterogeneous firms and endogenous R&D. Among the robust results that hold both in the short run when there is no entry, and in the long run under free entry are that trade liberalization increases aggregate R&D when trade costs are low and decreases R&D when trade costs are high. Expected industry productivity rises as trade costs fall.