20世纪发展中国家对外贸易及发展战略演进

发展经济学在不同阶段的发展思路和指导方针,决定了上个世纪发展中国家对外贸易发展战略的演进历程.从强调以进口替代为主的内向型发展战略到实行以出口替代为主的外向型发展战略,再到进一步关注区域贸易制度的创新,实行区域一体化的对外贸易发展战略.从总体上看,这一演进历程促进了发展中国家的对外贸易政策与优化本国产业结构、加快资本积累以及技术进步等目标的有效结合,从而为发展中国家自身经济目标的实现创造了有利条件.     

新经济增长模式与发展中国家空间一体化

对于很多以出口导向型的发展中国家来说新的经济增长模式需要新的国际贸易理论。世界经济全球化和贸易一体化创造了国际经济新秩序并带来了国家间发展的不平衡。文章结合我国实际通过对世界贸易理论及经济增长模式进行论述,找出了我国新经济增长模式的最终出路。     

发展中国家跨国公司的国际化战略选择:针对中国企业实施“走出去”战略的模型分析

本文以当前中国企业的国际化经营环境为背景,尝试建立了一个针对发展中国家跨国公司最优国际化战略选择问题的内生性模型,考察要素禀赋优势、贸易成本、市场容量以及企业自身技术水平等因素对企业国际化战略选择的影响。模型结果表明:由于经营环境和国际化诱因的不同,发展中国家跨国公司的国际化战略选择尽管基本遵循跨国公司实施国际化战略的一般原则,但是并不能照搬发达市场环境下的经验和做法。     

产业内贸易战略导向对我国产业升级促进的适用生研究

中国经济发展已经走过了单纯要素投入的数量拉动阶段,以产业结构升级为特征的调整型增长成为保持经济健康快速发辰的主要手段.按照传统比较优势战略导向来确定贸易战略,后进国家应该继续停留在产业链低端,为发达国家提供原材料和低端辅助生产.这对发展中国家不利,其在现阶段的中国经济结构性调整中的作用也相对不足.本文提到的产业内贸易战略导向是借鉴国际经验,重审新的世界分工体系,以产业升级为基准的新贸易战略导向.通过该战略导向在我国新国际经贸关系中的推进,将有望促进产业升级,加速经济发展.     

韩国技术性贸易措施体系的发展及评价

韩国一贯奉行出口导向型的经济发展战略,注重学习西方发达国家的经验,积极构筑本国的技术性贸易措施体系。论文对韩国的技术性贸易措施体系从法律层面、标准层面、措施层面进行了综述和评价,在此基础上,对韩国技术性贸易措施体系的发展趋势进行了分析,以从中找出值得我们深入思考和借鉴的成熟经验。     

中国经济的进一步开放离不开进口

任何发展战略都是有阶段性的，从贸易大国走向贸易强国，实现由依托比较优势的出口导向型战略向培育竞争优势的贸易平衡战略转变，是中国对外经济结构转型的必然选择，也是开放型经济的更高层次。中国已经意识到“积极扩大进口”是中国开放经济战略转型的重中之重，如何构建促进进口的政策和制度体系影响当前，关乎未来。     

存在“贸易顺差悖论”吗——改革开放以来我国对外贸易与经济增长关系探析

贸易顺差与国内生产总值增长之间呈“负相关”的“贸易顺差悖论”并不存在。凯恩斯主义模型只适用于需求约束型经济形态，而不适用于供给约束型经济。同时，当前二者正相关的结论也并不能作为继续推行出口导向型贸易发展战略的依据，宏观经济背景的根本性变化要求新的贸易战略与政策。     

一个扩展的新贸易理论模型——由克鲁格曼等的新贸易理论文献得到的启示

以Krugman(1979,1980)为代表的新贸易理论主要分析了规模经济产品的贸易,Krugman(1981)、Helpman和Krugman(1985)建立了融入赫克歇尔-俄林的资源禀赋理论的新贸易理论模型。本文试图建立融入李嘉图比较优势理论的新贸易理论模型。为此,我们以DS模型为基础建立扩展的模型来分析国际贸易。这一扩展的模型既能解释发达国家之间的贸易现象,也能解释发达国家与发展中国家之间的贸易现象。并且,对于发展中国家的外贸战略具有很强的启发性。     

发挥保税区功能推进宁波进口贸易转型升级

当前,宁波正处在建设对外开放强市、加快转型升级发展的关键阶段。紧紧抓住扩大进口贸易战略机遇,加快实现由依托比较优势的出口导向型战略向培育竞争优势的贸易平衡战略转变,已经成为推动国际贸易转型升级发展的一项重要举措。保税区是肩负先行先试、功能创新重任的对外开放功能区,宁波保税区先后获批成为宁波国际贸易示范区和国家进口贸易促进创新示范区,具有发展进口贸易的功能政策和平台优势。     

有利于发达国家的国际贸易利益分配格局——发达国家的三重贸易利益

当今的国际贸易格局仍然带有20世纪50年代以前宗主国与殖民地和半殖民地国家贸易的痕迹。由于发达国家拥有先进的科学技术,它们在新兴产业中具有不可比拟的优势,发达国家在与发展中国家的贸易中处于有利的地位,它们对发展中国家的贸易可以获得三重的贸易利益。这种贸易利益的分配状况在相当长的时间内不会改变。发展中国家只有通过经济发展,才能减轻这种贸易利益分配格局的不利影响。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.