Do Nutrition and Health Affect Migrant Workers＇ Incomes？ Some Evidence from Beijing,China

Migrant workers have become a major element of the labor force in Chinese cities, making important contributions to the economy while forming a socially disadvantaged group. Existing research on the relationship between the level of nutrition and health and income in China mainly focuses on farmers living in rural areas. Based on a Mincer equation and using a survey in Beijing, this paper examines the relationship between migrant workers＂ nutrition and health levels and their monthly incomes. We find that the nutrition intake and the body mass index have positive effects on income while duration of illness and daily working hours have negative effects. These conclusions imply that the Chinese Government should put more emphasis on improving migrant workers＇ well-being, including offering educational programs on nutrition and health, and enhancing medical insurance and the old-age insurance system.     

Communist Party branch and labour rights: Evidence from Chinese entrepreneurs

This study examines the causal effects of having a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) branch on the coverage of labour contracts and social insurance among employees in private enterprises. Using a regression discontinuity design in a quasi-experimental framework, we find that having a Party branch has a significant effect on the coverage rates of individual and collective labour contracts as well as five social insurance schemes. The positive effect of having a Party branch on contract and social insurance coverage are weaker when the enterprise also has a trade union and staff representative congress, when the entrepreneur is a member of the CCP or the People's Congress or Political Consultative Conference and in provinces in which government intervention is lower or the private sector more developed. We find that firm-level mean wages and spending on training and occupational health and safety mediate the relationship between having a Party branch and labour rights.     

社会网络与民工工资：来自中国的证据

 本文基于来自中国22个省的农户调查数据研究了利用的不同社会网络对于不同的民工在城市劳动力市场上的工资水平的影响,结果发现：并不是利用所有的社会网络都能够提高所有民工的工资水平。首先,只有利用亲友关系找到的工作才能够得到更高的工资;其次,即使亲友关系也不能提高利用它找到工作的所有民工的工资水平,而只能显著提高女性和已婚民工的工资水平。所以,在研究中忽略社会网络和民工的差异性会导致错误的研究结论。本文有助于帮助理解中国的劳动力流动及社会网络在劳动力市场中的作用。     

家庭规模、子女状况与农民工幸福感

为了考察农民工家庭规模、幸福感的关系,以及子女状况在其中的作用,基于2021年中国综合社会调查（CGSS）的微观数据进行实证分析。结果显示,家庭规模、子女状况、幸福感之间存在两两正相关关系;子女状况在家庭规模与幸福感之间起部分中介作用。因此,提高农民工幸福感可以从扩大农民工家庭规模,支持农民工家庭子女数量增加的角度入手,也为减轻社会老龄化造成的负担提供了有力支持。     

21世纪以来中国农民工就业的研究热点与演进趋势——基于CiteSpace图谱量化分析

为梳理21世纪以来中国农民工就业问题研究热点与演进趋势，运用Excel与CiteSpace V软件，对中国知网2000－2021年以农民工就业为主题的文献进行统计、共现、聚类及突现分析。结果表明：研究进展可分为萌芽发展、井喷缓冲与波动减少3个阶段；研究热点围绕农民工就业质量研究、农民工市民化研究、农民工就业稳定性研究、农民工就业歧视研究四大主题展开。最后对中国农民工就业领域提出3点研究展望。     

Union effects on performance and employment relations: Evidence from China

This paper empirically studies union effects on the performance of, and employment relations in, China's private enterprises. The study finds a positive and statistically significant union effect on labor productivity, but not on profitability. It further finds that unions lead to better employee benefits and increased contract signing in employment. These findings suggest that, in the era of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, unions in China's private enterprises do promote workers' interests as unions do in other economies. And they do that without abandoning their traditional role of harmonizing employment relations, as required by the Party.     

农民工人力资本的测度及比较分析

根据2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据，运用多元综合法，测度并分析了我国农民工的人力资本。研究发现，总体来说我国农民工人力资本综合水平显著提升，迁移资本、经验资本和健康资本均有明显改善，教育资本提升不足；各地区间农民工人力资本水平差距较大，发展不均衡；相较于老一代，新生代农民工的迁移资本、教育资本、健康资本均有一定优势。在此基础上，提出进一步全面提升农民工人力资本的对策建议。     

私营企业构建和谐劳动关系的思考

私营企业的劳动关系是指雇主与员工之间在实现劳动过程中建立的社会经济关系。现阶段,私营企业的劳动关系具有市场化、契约化、紧张化、事实化的特点。我国私营企业劳动关系目前存在的问题是：用工劳动合同签约率低、内容不规范;劳动保障覆盖率低,参加社会保险少;劳动安全保护系数低,工资低;工会作用效率低,徒有虚名等。对此,必须采取措施在私营企业积极构建和谐劳动关系,要加强政府的监管力度,加大规范管理的力度,重视员工重视心理需求的关怀力度,加大工会组织建设的力度。     

Wage differentials between urban and rural-urban migrant workers in China

Since the end of the 1980s, the number of migrants working in the urban labor market has increased dramatically. However, migrant workers are treated differently from urban workers. In this paper we examine the labor market discrimination against rural migrants from the point of view of wage differentials using CHIP-2007 data. We apply Jann pooled method to deal with index number problem and use Heckman two step model to correct selection problem when decomposing the wage gap. The decomposition results show that a significant difference in wage gains persists between the two groups as late as 2007. In 2007 migrants only earned 49% of urban workers' income and 17% of the wage gap cannot be explained by observed factors. In detail, differences in educational attainment, work experience and distribution across industry, occupation, and ownership of enterprises account for most of the explained wage gap.     

THE RISE OF LABOR MOVEMENTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE INDONESIAN SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: A CASE STUDY

This study analyzes a case of labor conflict at a garment company in West Java with particular reference to the rules and strategics among the parties involved. Using game theory, the study analyzes the formation of the critical point of labor conflict and examines the negotiations that led to the formation of stable industrial relations. At that point, the Nash equilibrium was at the company strategy of collaboration and at the workers' strategy of hostility, the company having assumed that the workers would mount a strong resistance to the company's hostile strategy. Under circumstances of weak law enforcement, the effective strategy for the workers was not only to obtain knowledge concerning the law but also to gain the support of the community, as well as solidarity among union members, and to pursue creative strategies. This study also shows that an important rule for stabilizing industrial relations is continual communication among the company, labor unions, and the members of the workers' organizations.     

Migration and the Right to Social Security： Perceptions of Off-farm Migrants＇ Rights to Social Insurance in China＇s Jiangsu Province

In 2001 China ratified the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights. By so doing the national government became legally bound,"to the maximum of its available resources",to achieve "progressively" full realization of the rights specified in the Covenant. Included amongst these entitlements is the "right of everyone to social security,including social insurance". This paper uses data from Jiangsu to examine the extent to which urbanites agree that previously disenfranchised migrants have the same right to social insurance as the urban population. Many urbanites fear that their existing entitlements to social protection will be diluted if social insurance coverage is extended to include new populations. Accordingly,state agencies and the media have sought to promote acceptance of a more positive view of migrant workers than has traditionally prevailed within towns and cities. We find that younger urban residents,urban residents who already have social insurance and urban residents working in the state-owned sector are more likely to agree that migrants have the same right to social insurance as the urban population.     

Social insurance with Chinese characteristics: The role of communist party in private firms

This paper studies the inter-correlation among the Communist Party of China (CPC), unionization, and social insurance in a sample of Chinese private firms. We find that both Party branch and unionization are positively associated with insurance coverage. We further present evidence that Party branch and unionization are complements in association with better coverage of social insurance. When the Party–union complementarity is taken into account, Party branch alone is no longer positively associated with social insurance, while the correlation between unionization and insurance declines significantly. Our results suggest that the role of the CPC is overlooked in the literature on labor relations in China.     

Can self-employment activity contribute to ascension to urban citizenship? Evidence from rural-to-urban migrant workers in China

The ascension to urban citizenship and assimilation into urban life for rural to urban migrant workers is a pressing mission during the current process of rapid urbanization in developing China. However, the issue of how self-employed migrants, who account for up to 25 percent of total migrant workers in 2009 (Meng, 2012), acquire urban citizenship remains understudied. Using a unique sample from the 2009 Rural to Urban Migrants in China (RUMiC) survey, this paper explores whether self-employment choice contributes to migrant workers' ascension to urban citizenship and integration, and uncovers the underlying mechanisms. We find that although self-employed migrants are capable of earning a higher income, and improving their living conditions, their tendency to reside permanently in the city is not significantly different from their counterparts of wage workers. We argue that self-employed migrants, who are less covered by urban social securities and are more discriminated against by current urban household registration (Hukou) system, tend to lose faith in ascension to urban citizenship. It implies that a social security system with self-employed migrants being covered as well as an urban Hukou admission system favoring diverse human capital (especially taking into account entrepreneurship) would help accelerate the urbanization process.     

养老保险水平对农民工主观幸福感的影响

中国经济发展迈入新平台，更加注重经济发展的质量，增强全体人民的“幸福感与获得感”是高质量发展的重要体现。基于2019 年中国家庭金融调查数据（CHFS），本研究利用倾向得分匹配法，深入探讨了养老保险及其相关水平如何影响农民工的幸福感，并以消费支出为中介，进一步考察了具体的影响机制。研究发现，在我国大力推动普及养老保险的背景下，养老保险的幸福促进效应不明显，而养老保险的相对水平是影响农民工幸福感的重要因素，相对于参加低水平养老保险的农民工，参加高水平养老保险的农民工幸福感高出20.8%-23.8%。同时消费支出在参加高水平养老保险对幸福感的影响中发挥着中介作用，即参加高水平养老保险能够通过促进消费支出来提升农民工的幸福感。对此，研究认为政府要着眼于养老保障的公平性，妥善提升农民工养老保险的保障水平，有效促进农民工的消费支出，增强其幸福感。     

建立适合农民工需要的社会保险制度——以河南省新乡市餐饮业农民工为例

根据调查发现河南省新乡市餐饮业农民工已经逐渐脱离土地,面临着较大的城市生活风险,却缺乏社会保障。同时他们对城镇社会保险认同度低,主要因为对该制度缺乏信任,对保费的经济承受力低。应建立信息充分的社会保险机制,消除其顾虑;允许单项参保,降低保费,把他们分层分类的吸纳进城镇社会保险制度。     

Computable Stochastic Equilibrium Models and Their Use in Pension- and Ageing Research

This paper surveys recent advances in the field of computable general and partial equilibrium models dealing with pension issues that take into account various aspects of uncertainty. Whereas previous quantitative research with deterministic models solely focussed on efficiency losses due to labor market distortions from pay-as-you-go (paygo) financing, stochastic simulation models highlight the insurance effects of social security systems and allow to quantify the welfare consequences from myopic behavior. The results from these studies challenge the common wisdom about the cost and benefits of social security. While previous studies typically either recommended a move towards a more funded system or proposed a tight tax-benefit linkage, recent results from stochastic models indicate that welfare losses due to reduced insurance coverage compensate the gains due to improved labor market incentives. Consequently, paygo financing and progressive benefit formulas should not be eliminated on pure efficiency grounds. Current research tries to qualify whether this conclusion is robust in models with private insurance institutions and/or macroeconomic risks.     

Investment incentives and the relative demand for skilled labor: Evidence from accelerated depreciation policies in China

This study evaluates the effects of China's 2014 and 2015 accelerated depreciation policies on the relative demand of firms for skilled labor. We develop a simple model to explore how the policies affect the relative demand of firms for skilled labor and illustrate the roles of financing constraints and tax compliance in mediating the policy effects. We then employ a firm-level dataset from China's A-share listed companies and use a quasi-experimental design to examine the model predictions. We find that the policies significantly increase the relative demand of firms for skilled labor. The channels underlying the policy effects are that the policies generate additional cash flow for firms, stimulate investment and, thus, raise the demand of firms for skilled labor with the presence of capital–skill complementarity. We also find that the positive effects of the policies on the relative demand for skilled labor are primarily significant for firms with strong financing constraints and high tax compliance. Moreover, we document the positive effects of the policies on R&D investment, firm value added, productivity, workers' benefits, and corporate social responsibility performance, which further corroborate our main results.     

Why do migrant households consume so little?

Exploring data from the migrant and urban household surveys of the Chinese Household Income Project, this paper dissects the underlying causes of the depressing effect of the hukou system on migrant household consumption to two channels. On one hand, migrants' disentitlement to local urban hukou creates financial insecurity through barriers to employment, social welfare, medical insurance, etc., thereby encouraging precautionary saving. On the other hand, it promotes temporary migration, allows divergence in tastes and values from local urban residents to persist, and incentivizes migrant households to save their transitory income. Factors reflecting these two channels, such as medical and pension insurances, the duration of migration, and local homeownership, are specifically modeled, and they are found to contribute to the discrepancies in consumption between migrant and local urban households, among other factors. In addition, the marginal propensity to consume exhibits heterogeneity across migrant households; it is higher with a longer duration of migration, local homeownership, and self-employment. The lack of these attributes further reinforces the reluctance of migrant households to consume.     

人力资本对农民工市民化能力提升的影响机理

加快农业转移人口市民化是适应新时代新型城镇化发展的必然要求,农民工自身的市民化能力不足是制约当前市民化进程的主要因素。将农民工市民化能力划分为三个层次,即城市进入、城市生存和城市融合。通过研究人力资本与农民工市民化能力提升的影响机制及作用机理,提出新时代促进农民工市民化能力提升的对策建议。     

产业转型升级背景下的新生代农民工失业和离职——基于就业能力的分析框架

当前,新生代农民工与城市各个产业尤其是制造业有机相连,成为城市社会生活不可或缺的一部分。然而,随着国内产业转型升级的不断推进,许多企业和众多新生代农民工都面临用工与就业的严峻考验。对于新生代农民工而言,就业能力是决定其就业的核心与本质问题。文章采用Fugate(2004)对就业能力的划分,从职业认同、个人适应性、人力和社会资本分析新生代农民工就业能力的现状。在此基础上,提出新生代农民工失业和离职问题的分析框架:就业能力无法满足市场和用人单位的需求导致新生代农民工失业;就业能力虽满足市场和用人单位的需求,但由于企业无法满足其基本诉求,导致新生代农民工离职频繁。基于此,提出对未实现就业的新生代农民工,应通过政府政策支持和新民工自我管理,提升其就业能力,进而实现就业;对已实现就业的新民工,应建立组织支持契合,积极开展指导关系项目,降低其离职倾向,在实现稳定就业的基础上实现优质就业。