对旅游业的再认识--兼与张涛先生商榷

由于旅游业的特殊性,关于其内部构成问题至今没有形成统一认识。本文认为,旅游业“支柱说”只是对旅游业的一种短期的、近视的、静态的认识,不具有普遍意义,不能全面反映旅游业的本质,不适合“大旅游”发展趋势。从旅游者需求角度和旅游业发展的实际情况看,旅游业是依托旅游吸引物、为旅游者提供综合旅游产品与服务的产业集群。     

影响旅行社绩效的深层次原因透析--兼与张辉先生和宋振春先生等商榷

影响旅行社绩效的根本因素是市场竞争的有效性,而合理的制度安排是市场有效性的根本保证.受现行旅行社业制度安排的影响,我国旅行社市场表现出\"碎片市场\"、\"高壁垒市场\"、\"竞争失调市场\"等特性,表明导致我国旅行社业绩效低下的根本原因是市场失灵问题.通过制度安排的合理化变迁来促进统一市场的形成和市场进出渠道的畅通,形成充分、有效的市场竞争环境,是提高我国旅行社业绩效的根本途径.     

生态旅游内涵再论——兼与郭舒先生商榷

生态旅游在世界范围内发展迅速 ,对生态旅游的概念内涵如何理解存在不同观点。文章阐述了生态旅游的产生背景 ,对生态旅游的主体行为进行了分析后 ,综合性地给出了生态旅游的内涵 ,同时 ,简要地分析了生态旅游资源、生态旅游产品和生态旅游的分类。     

对旅行社产权改革和规模化经营的思考--与张辉、魏翔先生商榷

在当前形势下,旅行社民营化更有利于发挥市场的作用,建立合理的进入退出机制,完善企业治理机制．从而提高企业效率。旅行社的规模化应该在充分竞争的市场环境中来完成,形成大小共存、大小共赢、行业集中与竞争并存的局面。而以行政手段和国有化的形式实施规模化可能会形成垄断,破坏市场竞争,牺牲社会福利。     

也谈改善旅游市场信息不对称--兼与陈丕积同学商榷

改善旅游市场信息不对称现象，是规范旅游市场，维护良好市场秩序的保证。但在改善旅游市场信息不对称的过程中，政府行为应该如何界定，完善市场信息的主体究竟是谁，却是值得我们思考的问题。本文从陈丕积同学的文章入手，阐述了政府行为的局限性，以及市场自律和第三方力量在改善市场信息不对称过程中所起的作用，并指出只有三个空间主体共同努力，相互之间良性互动，才能最大限度地减少市场信息不对称现象所造成的危害。     

从生态旅游的三大效益再论生态旅游活动的形式--兼与刘德谦先生商榷

生态旅游理论与实践面临的核心问题是：其追求的三大效益之间由于存在复杂的关系而难以同时达到最大化。如果严格限制所有的生态旅游为特殊专项化的活动形式,则存在许多未解决的问题。为了达到生态旅游持续的综合效益最大化,我们应该遵循生态经济学的原则和规律,同时引入技术手段,根据不同生态旅游系统的旅游承载量来开展不同形式的生态旅游活动,而对于人工自然型地域生态旅游系统则应积极开发大众化的生态旅游产品。     

旅游市场中的逆向选择和重复博弈——以海南旅游业为例

由于旅游服务产品质量的信息在游客和旅游企业之间的分布是不对称的,这就使得劣质旅游企业对优质旅游企业的逆向淘汰成为可能.本文以海南旅游业为例,分阶段对旅游市场中的逆向选择和重复博弈问题进行了探讨,系统论证了劣质市场均衡出现、维护和强化的条件和成因.     

旅行社产权改革、规模化经营和市场制度--兼与《旅游学刊》中两篇论文的作者商榷

旅行社产权改革是国有企业转制过程中必须面对的问题，但它与整个旅行社行业的规模化经营没有直接的、必然的联系。行业的规模化经营和合理的市场分工是市场机制作用的产物。在政府主导的发展模式下．应将建立健全市场制度放在优先的地位，滥用行政权力谋求经营资源的垄断，是无法形成旅行社业合理分工的，也是与我国经济社会发展方向背道而驰的。     

试论我国旅游业周期波动的复杂性和不规律性——兼与匡林先生商榷

我国近20年来旅游业的发展波动是政府直接干预和政策诱导的结果.这种波动与市场经济制度条件下的商业周期不可同日而语,简单套用研究市场经济中经济周期的方法无助于客观科学地认识我国旅游业的运行特点和机理.事实上,我国旅游业的发展具有明显的经济转轨期的过渡性特征.旅游业的市场波动也非经济因素所致,因而是不可逆的,不具有周而复始规律性的.     

关于旅游线路专营的思考 --兼与孙建超等老师商榷

解决旅游线路开发中的外部经济问题,是我国旅行社业走向良性发展的迫切需要。本文从孙建超等老师的文章入手,阐述了旅行社一体化的局限性,以及建立旅游线路使用权市场在解决旅游线路开发中的外部经济问题上所起的作用,并指出建立旅游线路使用权市场才是更合理的选择。     

心理契约与导游小费制度

本文运用新制度经济学、心理学、营销学等知识对导游小费制度进行解释和分析,认为导游小费是在旅游服务中,导游与游客之间心理契约的一种价格,是游客对遵守心理契约的导游人员付出的报酬.导游与游客间心理契约的不确定性决定着导游小费的不确定性.我国的导游小费制度推行的良好环境尚不具备,导游小费制度在我国发展,只能是在\"纯玩团\"内采取自愿性小费的形式.     

对建立合理的导游人员职业机制问题的探讨

对导游人员的管理一直是一个世界性难题,文章从我国的具体国情出发,对建立合理的导游人员职业机制问题进行了研究。文章在阐述了当前的导游人员职业机制和分析其不合理之处的基础上,构建了一个以导游人员报酬机制为核心、同时兼及导游人员的隶属机制和日常管理机制的合理的导游人员职业机制模型,并在分析这一模型的基础上,对我国的导游人员管理机制改革进行了探讨。     

Accessing Tourists’ Unconscious Associations about International Destinations: Data Fuzzification of Reaction Times in the Implicit Association Test

Starting with the proposition that shorter reaction time implies stronger implicit preference, this study assesses destination-related top-of-mind awareness (TOMA) by examining respondent reaction time to specific destination icons. A total 87 college students were recruited to complete self-report surveys and computer-based implicit association tests (IAT). The results show that participants’ responses vary depending on the two measures (i.e., self-report surveys and IATs). Through a data fuzzification method, the study demonstrates that the IAT would enhance our understanding of tourist TOMA, particularly related to familiarity issues. The implications of the study pertain to destination marketing are fully discussed.     

小费的性质与合约安排

本文运用新制度经济学以及微观经济学理论,结合实际观察所得,对旅游业中的小费制度进行了经济学解释。基本结论是,小费是企业对难以完全清晰界定或降低而留在公共领域里的产权(先占权利)的一种间接定价,目的在于降低企业因交易而面临的机会成本,其多样化的合约安排则是交易费用约束下企业降低交易费用努力的理性选择。相应的政策建议是,作为一项过渡性制度安排,我国旅游业中的导游应实行强迫性小费制度。     

经济条件、人口特征和风险偏好与城市家庭的旅游消费——基于国内24个城市的家庭调查

旅游者的旅游消费支出对旅游产业的发展至关重要。它是旅游者的经济条件、人口特征和行为特征等因素共同作用的结果。但国内现有的研究由于多采用宏观数据,缺少描述旅游者人口和行为特征的微观数据,对旅游消费支出的影响因素分析有失偏颇。文章采用2010年对中国24个城市的居民家庭进行调查收集到的旅游消费数据,综合考虑家庭的经济条件、人口特征和行为特征,以家庭为单位,采用广义线性模型定量研究了影响家庭旅游消费支出的影响因素。研究表明:除家庭资产和收入外,家庭对收入的预期显著影响家庭的旅游消费,这解释了旅游产业对宏观经济的变动比较敏感的原因。它折射的宏观经济意义是显而易见的:当经济不景气时,旅游业可能是率先遭受冲击的产业。反之,当经济向好发展时,旅游业也往往蒸蒸日上。以户主年龄作为代理变量,调查还发现城市家庭的旅游消费与家庭生命周期密切相关,当户主年龄在25~34岁时家庭旅游消费支出达到高峰。此外家庭的风险偏好也显著影响家庭的旅游消费支出。借鉴美国消费金融调查用分类变量测度风险厌恶的方法,文章发现风险厌恶程度越高的家庭越愿意将大部分收入用于储蓄,从而相应地减少旅游消费支出。由于家庭承受的风险多数无法对冲,因此提高风险厌恶程度较高的家庭的旅游消费,恐怕单靠旅游产业自身还无法解决,需要保险业等相关产业共同努力来创造一个较好的旅游产业发展环境。     

Assessing the effect of coastal park's attributes on its entrance fee charges: a hedonic approach

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the recognized nature-and-activity-based attributes on the level of park's admission fee charges using a panel data of 29 coastal recreation parks in Dalian city of China. A total of seven different Hedonic pricing model specifications are used in the estimating process. The results indicate that a numerous attributes have statistically significant effects (α?≤?0.10) on the level of park admission fee charges. In terms of the economic valuation, marine sightseeing results in the highest value of marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) of $6.4 as its quality rank improves to a designated higher level. As expected that the park congestion has a negative effect on the MWTP (?In this paper, we investigate the effect of the recognized nature-and-activity-based attributes on the level of park's admission fee charges using a panel data of 29 coastal recreation parks in Dalian city of China. A total of seven different Hedonic pricing model specifications are used in the estimating process. The results indicate that a numerous attributes have statistically significant effects (α?≤?0.10) on the level of park admission fee charges. In terms of the economic valuation, marine sightseeing results in the highest value of marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) of $6.4 as its quality rank improves to a designated higher level. As expected that the park congestion has a negative effect on the MWTP (?$0.47) and overall park's rankings have a positive effect ($0.05) on park's MWTP. However, many recreation activities accommodated by the park sites exhibit a relatively weak effect on the park entrance fee charges. One possible reason is perhaps owing to the single admission package fee policy adopted by the park management.     

Strategic alignment leverage between hotels and companies: The buyer–supplier relationship perspective

Hoteliers are seeking ways to increase their revenue by working with travel agencies to costeffectively expand sales. In addition, they are simultaneously turning to hotel bookings to bolster their revenue in the face of decreasing airline commissions. The research objectives of the present study included determining how the strategic decisions of cooperating contract companies and travel agencies of the hotels are influenced by the service vision and standard service communication. Data were obtained via a mailed questionnaire survey from a sample of travel agencies and contract companies in Taiwan. Of the 300 questionnaires sent, 201 responses (67%) were received, yielding a usable response of 192 fully completed questionnaires. The use of the structural equation model to test the theoretical model of collaboration relationship could lead to a greater understanding of the nature and determinants of choice and decisions related to cooperation between firms. From the perspective of buyer–supplier relationships, hotels are seeking ways to develop long-term relationships and to increase their revenue by collaborating with travel agencies and contract companies, and through the firm's service vision and service-standard communication, hotels can develop services to align with their needs. Moreover, service trends affecting hoteliers may include adapting customer demands, increased expectations of value and quality, and an increasingly highly competitive environment. Hotels would therefore need to be able to make these changes in order to continue this alignment relationship, with substitution possibly being an option for these firms when hotels cannot do this. That is, hotels generally face fierce competition, and to be able to compete they must make continuous efforts to maintain product and service quality; they also need to be innovative to be the leading performers.