企业内部资本配置和金融体系二分法

从投融资实践看,企业内部存在一个活跃的资本市场;企业内部资本配置是区别于外部资本市场运作的资本配置机制。企业管理者运用内部资金实施投资项目的同时也就实施了一定的融资功能,因而企业组织本身就是金融体系的重要组成部分。传统的直接融资—间接融资或银行主导型—资本市场主导型二分法不足以刻画和概括金融体系的特征,新二分法"外部资本市场—企业内部资本市场"是对传统研究视角的有益补充。     

Public pensions and growth

This paper investigates the relationship between the size of an unfunded public pension system and economic growth in an overlapping generation economy, in which altruistic parents finance the education of their children and leave bequests. Unlike the existing literature, we model intergenerational altruism by assuming that children's income during adulthood is an argument of parental utility. Unfunded public pensions can promote growth when families face liquidity constraints preventing them from investing optimally in the education of their children. We consider two alternative ways of financing a public pension system, either by levying social contributions in a lump-sum manner or in proportion to labour income. We find that there is no case for unfunded public pensions in economies where bequests are operative. By contrast, there exists a growth-maximising size of the public pension system in economies where bequests are not operative and individuals are sufficiently patient.     

Distributional Effects of Public Education in an Economy with Public Pensions*

We study how the allocation of government expenditures between two major outlays—education and pay‐as‐you‐go social security—affects human capital distribution in an economy with heterogeneous agents. We consider an overlapping generations economy where the government maintains both programs, and allocates tax revenues to finance them. In our model, human capital is one of the factors of production. It is itself produced as a combined result of public inputs and private inputs. Parents' decisions to invest time and material resources in education of their children are motivated by altruism, heterogeneous in its strength across the population, which leads to heterogeneity of incomes. We investigate the effect of an increase in public funding for education on the human capital distribution. We show that in this framework, contrary to some earlier results, increased spending on public education may lead to higher inequality. Our results depend crucially on the interaction of education funding with the social security budget and on the elasticity of substitution in the learning technology.     

规范发展直接金融

我国现在社会融资90%以上的比例集中于银行,单一的融资形式是造成金融效率低下、增大银行业风险的重要原因,必须大力规范、发展直接金融.资本市场应股权融资、债权融资共同发展,规范、发展证券供应者与需求者,完善立法和加强监管.应该建立一个以工商企业短期直接融资为主体的货币市场.     

Pension Reform, Capital Markets and the Rate of Return

Abstract. This paper discusses the consequences of population aging and a fundamental pension reform – that is, a shift towards more pre‐funding – for capital markets in Germany. We use a stylized closed‐economy, overlapping‐generations model to compare the effects of the recent German pension reform with those of a more decisive reform that would freeze the current pay‐as‐you‐go contribution rate and thus result in a larger funded component of the pension system. We predict rates of return to capital under both reform scenarios over a long horizon, taking demographic projections as given. Our main finding is that the future decrease in the rate of return is much smaller than often claimed in the public debate. Our simulations show that the capital stock will decrease once the baby‐boom generations enter retirement, even if there were no fundamental pension reform. The corresponding decrease in the rate of return, the direct effect of population aging, is around 0.7 percentage points. While the capital market effects of the recent German pension reform are marginal, the rate of return to capital would decrease by an additional 0.5 percentage points under the more decisive reform proposal.     

中国养老保险基金不同资产投资收益分析

资产收益率与经济周期之间存在密切联系。在经济周期的不同阶段,养老保险基金的资产配置结构和比例要作相应的调整,同时应关注金融产品所处行业对收益率的影响。而且,由于中国资本市场尚不成熟,养老保险基金可以适度介入实业投资,主要包括战略型产业、公用事业型产业和成长创新型产业,以实现基金保值增值,维护国家产业安全、分享经济发展成果、推动国家创新战略的目的。     

Optimal education policies under endogenous borrowing constraints

This paper studies optimal education policies under endogenous borrowing constraints in a standard life-cycle model. In a closed economy, a policy that appropriately bundles an education subsidy with an old-age pension can restore the complete market allocation. Such a policy also removes persistent indeterminacies and endogenous fluctuations that exist in its absence. In a small open economy, a similar policy may restore the complete market allocation for a wide range of parameters, a range much wider than previously believed. These results broaden the rationale for a two-armed welfare state (education and pension) to a large class of economies.     

Optimal accumulation in an endogenous growth setting with human capital

This paper considers a three-overlapping-generations model of endogenous growth wherein human capital is the engine of growth. It first contrasts the laissez-faire and the optimal solutions. Three possible accumulation regimes are distinguished. Then it discusses a standard set of tax-transfer instruments that allow for decentralization of the social optimum. Within the limits of our model, the rationale for the standard pattern of intergenerational transfers (the working-aged financing the education of the young and the pension of the old) is seriously questioned. On pure efficiency grounds, the case for generous public pensions is rather weak.     

信息成本与企业家的融资决策

在项目的融资过程中,企业家可能面临两种选择:非市场融资与市场融资。尽管信息不对称是非市场融资的主要约束,但是市场融资可以改善彼此的信息结构。文章分析了企业家(内部人)与投资者(外部人)在不同信息结构下的不完全金融合同。分析后发现,投资者可以榨取的信息租与企业家的信息披露成本构成两种融资方式的主要融资成本;而项目所需的外部资本以及资本市场要求的回报率构成了企业家融资决策的决定性元素。事实上,若项目所需的外部资本越高,信息披露成本越低,市场融资要求的回报率越低和信息租越高,则企业家越有可能选择市场融资;反之,企业家可能选择非市场融资。此外,合谋与私人收益的存在也可能影响到企业家的融资决策。     

Debt financing of public investment: On a popular misinterpretation of “the golden rule of public sector borrowing”

In this paper I challenge the proposition that the golden rule of public sector borrowing is consistent with the principle of intertemporal allocative efficiency, in the sense that growth-enhancing public investment justifies a structural public deficit. I demonstrate that in the long run the social opportunity cost of debt-financed public investment exceeds the social opportunity cost of tax financed public investments. This result holds if the social rate of time preference is lower than the interest rate on government borrowing. Thus a benevolent government would use taxes to finance public investment. In the short run, debt financing is justified if public investment has a considerable growth effect on private consumption. This requires a corresponding initial undersupply of public capital.     

数字金融对行业资源配置效率的实证研究 ——基于一级行业周收益率数据

为考察数字金融对证券市场不同行业的影响,从而为市场风险识别、标的估值及投资策略制定等提供客观的参考指标。同时,也为数字金融政策制定、市场监管提供重要的参考依据。利用A股市场过去十年一级行业周收益率数据,构建证券市场行业收益率及波动率对数字金融指数等变量的面板自回归模型,实证结果表明：数字金融与证券市场整体收益率呈正相关。数字金融的增长可以抑制市场波动率的增长。数字金融对传媒,电子,房地产,家用电器,计算机,汽车,通信等行业均具有较好的经济显著性和统计显著性。在长期,行业间收益差异有收敛迹象。数字金融促进行业的收益均衡,说明数字金融对行业资本配置效率的提升有正向作用。     

The old-age security hypothesis revisited

"Children's altruism toward parents is allowed in a two-overlapping-generations model with endogenous fertility. Parents raise children because, when retired, they expect gifts from their children who are essentially a capital good. Individuals' behavior between generations is examined by analyzing a Nash equilibrium, which is then compared with a social planner's optimal allocation. The pay-as-you-go public pension program is viewed as the optimal gifts from the optimal allocation when the latter is implemented. The effect on fertility of the introduction of a capital market is also analyzed. The validity of the old-age security hypothesis is shown to depend on the parameters of utility and cost functions."     

科技金融及创业投资的发展对策——以江苏省为例

现在很多国家都把科技金融及创业投资的发展放在非常重要的位置,并且出台了很多扶植政策,目的就是为了解决中小企业融资难的问题.本文根据江苏省现状提出了通过高等教育的有效教学理念及实践模式的创新解决科技人才和金融人才缺乏问题;完善多层次资本市场和实物市场以便增加融资、套保和产品供销等渠道,从多个角度进行稳妥的金融衍生品的设计,如利用收益互换等提高科技企业的融资机会,创立省级碳金融市场促进环保的合理性等;通过科技金融产品和创业投资的风险管理降低投资高科技产业的风险,降低盲目投资造成的损失程度,解决投资和筹资不规范等问题.     

基于委托代理理论的非效率投资行为述评——以融资方式为主线

在现代财务理论体系下,由于委托代理冲突和信息不对称的存在,融资方式的选择将会影响到公司的投资效率。本文分别对新权益融资、内源融资和负债融资下,就委托代理冲突而导致的非效率投资问题进行了较系统的梳理和评论。在此基础上指出我国此类研究的不足主要在于忽视了我国资本市场特有的制度背景,对"完美资本市场"限制条件的不断放松为进一步的研究提供了思路。     

中小企业非正规金融内生成长分析——基于社会资本视角

在发展中国家和地区,非正规金融对于中小企业融资具有重要的作用。在非正规金融的私人契约治理机制中,社会资本构成了经济交易中的重要资源。由于社会资本的存在,非正规金融在一定程度上是中小企业自主自愿选择的结果。社会资本的动态变化推动非正规金融的关系型融资向契约型融资转变的同时,应该辩证地看待社会资本对非正规金融的影响。     

Implications of Singapore's CPF Scheme on Consumption Choices and Retirement Incomes

Singapore has a unique policy of allowing the use of mandatory social security contributions to finance homeownership. An intertemporal model of housing demand is employed to demonstrate analytically that the CPF scheme can distort an individual's intertemporal and intratemporal consumption choices, and induce Singaporeans to demand more housing than they would otherwise. The withdrawals for housing have also affected the adequacy of CPF balances for financing retirement. Pegging the rate of return on CPF balances to a long‐term rate is the long‐term solution to curbing excessive withdrawals for housing, and ensuring the adequacy of CPF savings for financing retirement.     

略论我国财政资金的动态使用

在我国市场经济体制日渐完善,公共财政框架已经基本建立的今天,对于财政资金动态使用的这个全新问题,应当开展广泛而深入的探索.如何把财政资金作为资本的增值特性充分发挥出来,提高财政资金的使用效率,则成为新形势下我们需要研究的理财问题.如果科学地解决这一理财问题,不仅可以拓展我国理财的新思路,也为世界各国的理财模式开创一个先例.     

Pension design when fertility fluctuates: The role of education and capital mobility

This study compares alternative designs of an unfunded pension system. Convex combinations between a fixed contribution rate and a fixed benefit rate are considered. The objective is to maximize the expected ex ante welfare under stochastic fertility. The model is a three-period CGE framework where the financing of education and effects on factor prices are accounted for. Factor prices depend on the degree of capital mobility. For low degrees of capital mobility, it is optimal to have a fixed benefit rate in the pension system. But for the small open economy, a fixed contribution rate is optimal if the education system has a fixed benefit rate. In this case individuals in the small open economy are unaffected by fertility fluctuations.     

Pension,possible phaseout,and endogenous fertility in general equilibrium

The rich literature on Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG)-type pensions provides a notion that when pension return is dominated by the market return, generally it is impossible to phase pension out without hurting any generation. We show that PAYG pensions can indeed be phased out in a much richer framework where fertility is endogenous and general equilibrium effects are present. Interestingly, the factor that helps us to phase the pension out in a Pareto way is hidden in the structure of PAYG pension itself. Individualistic agents fail to recognize the benefits of their fertility decision on these programs and, therefore, end up in an allocation that is strictly dominated by the allocations that internalize this externality. Exploiting this positive externality, competitive economy can improve its allocations and can reach the planner's steady-state in finite time where each generation secures as much utility as in the competitive equilibrium. Clearly, it is possible to transition in a Pareto way to an economy either with no pension or with pensions whose return is not dominated by market return.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”