一揽子货币制应是人民币汇率制度改革的方向

我国目前的人民币汇率制度实质上是钉住美元制。但随着开放程度的进一步提高，我们有必要对人民币汇率制度进行重新选择。实现人民币自由浮动是汇率制度改革的长远目标，从钉住制向自由浮动制的过渡是一个渐进的过程。就近期而言，人民币采用贯穿于目标汇率区中的钉住一揽子货币制是一种现实且合理的汇率制度选择。     

汇率制度的研究

目前，要求人民币升值的国际压力越来越大，一些研究机构、学者、政府官员和企业也纷纷对此发表看法。我们认为，人民币升值问题归根结底是人民币汇率制度的选择闯题。那么，现有的盯住汇率制度是否适合当前的经济形势?如何从盯住汇率转向更为合适的汇率制度?怎样决定适合中国经济发展、金融体制改革的人民币汇率制度?从当前对汇率制度选择和世界汇率制度演变的研究中，我们可以得到一些有益于解决以上问题的途径。本文首先对盯住汇率制度进行分析，介绍脱离盯住汇率制度的影响因素，之后从总体上讨论决定汇率制度选择的长期因素以及上世纪90年代以来世界汇率制度的演变，最后提出当前汇率制度选择的BBC准则以及可供中国选择的几种汇率制度。     

人民币汇率制度选择的政治经济学

本文探究了人民币汇率制度选择的政治经济学。人民币汇率制度的选择首先必须要服务于中国出口导向型的经济增长模式。其次，这种模式推动了中国经济发展的内外部不平衡，但不需要通过汇率来逆向调节或大幅度校正这种不平衡，削弱中国经济的比较优势。再次，人民币汇率制度的选择要有助于人民币国际化。人民币国际化要坚持自我，不搞亚元。对于“汇率操纵”之类的非议，理性对待。未来人民币要继续加大防御性汇率政策的力度，防止汇率出现大幅度的波动。     

汇率制度改革的国际比较和启示

目前我国汇率制度处于“固定钉住制”和“钉住平行汇率带”之间。通过分析新加坡、印度、泰国、韩国等国家汇率转型的经验教训,文章认为在适当时机扩大人民币汇率的波动区间是进一步完善人民币汇率形成机制最优选择,同时加快建设和发展国内金融市场,最终实现有管理的浮动汇率制度。     

汇率制度的选择问题探讨

汇 率制度的选择是当前国内外经济学家所关注和研究的一个热点问题。特别是对于转型国家和发展中国家 ,汇率制度的选择对其宏观经济的稳定和发展起着至关重要的作用。 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,前苏联、东欧国家从计划经济向市场经济转型过程中出现的宏观经济振动 ,墨西哥金融危机 ,东南亚金融危机 ,以及近期发生的阿根廷金融危机等 ,都证实了汇率制度选择对一国宏观经济的影响和重要性。最近 ,我国面临来自一些西方国家要求人民币升值和改变现人民币汇率生成机制的压力 ,这都使得我们有必要对汇率制度选择进行探讨。在这篇文章里 ,我们将探讨三个方面的问题 :第一 ,汇率制度选择的评价标准和汇率制度选择的理论 ;第二 ,汇率制度分类问题 ;第三 ,汇率制度选择与一国宏观经济制度的特征。一、汇率制度选择的评价标准和理论无论是固定汇率制度 ,还是浮动汇率制度 ,都有它们各自的优点。对于固定汇率制度来讲 ,其主要优点是 :(1)对货币政策提供了一个名义 ,即可在任何产出水平条件下控制其物价水平 ;(2 )有利于促进国际贸易和投资 ;(3 )防止国家间出现竞争性贬值 ;(4 )避免出现投机泡沫。对于浮动汇率制度来讲 ,其主要优点是 :(1)...     

论我国汇率制度的选择--兼论人民币走向浮动并实行自由兑换的最佳时机

本文首先对固定汇率制和浮动汇率制进行了比较,其次论述了汇率制度理论的新发展,最后就我国汇率制度的选择谈了自己的看法:一是汇率制度的选择是一个动态的转换过程;二是认为我国目前采用的是钉住美元的汇率制度,这一汇率制度存在着三点弊端,已不适应我国市场经济发展的需要,我国经济的发展迫切需要人民币汇率由钉住汇率转向真正的管理浮动汇率.并认为从现在起到未来的一两年内,是人民币走向浮动,实行人民币自由兑换的最佳时机.     

论我国汇率制度的选择——兼论人民币走向浮动并实行自由兑换的最佳时机

本文首先对固定汇率制和浮动汇率制进行了比较,接着论述了汇率制度理论的新发展,最后就我国汇率制度的选择谈了自己的看法:一是汇率制度的选择是一个动态的转换过程;二是认为我国目前采用的是钉住美元的汇率制度,这一汇率制度存在着三点弊端,已不适应我国市场经济发展的需要,我国经济的发展迫切需要人民币汇率由钉住汇率转向真正的管理浮动汇率。并认为,现在起到未来的一两年内,是人民币走向浮动,实行人民币自由兑换的最佳时机。     

论人民币汇率制度的选择

汇率是认识和了解一个国家的经济基础和竞争能力的重要依据，我国现行的汇率制度是“钉住单一货币-美元”的管理浮动制，随着改革开放的不断深入和中国国力的不断增强，必须选择合适的汇率制度才能给人民币正确定位，从汇率影响我国进出口贸易入手，分析了执行现行汇率制度所带来的弊端，阐述了选择实际有效汇率的理论依据。说明了人民币的正确定位的重要性。     

人民币走向自由兑换的时机选择

汇率制度的选择是一个动态的转换过程。我国目前采用的是钉住美元的汇率制度,这一汇率制度存在着明显弊端,已不适应我国市场经济发展的需要,我国经济的发展迫切需要人民币汇率由钉住汇率转向真正的管理浮动汇率。从现在起到未来的一两年内,是人民币走向浮动,实行人民币自由兑换的最佳时机。     

论现行人民币汇率机制的阶段性与合理性

一段时间以来，关于人民币汇率水平及现行汇率机制是否合理的问题成为国内外讨论的热点。本文从对汇率制度选择的阶段性理论与实践的分析入手，从而引出对人民币汇率机制改革的阶段性划分，最后对现行人民币汇率机制的阶段性与合理性进行了考察。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.