创新竞赛中锦标赛与拍卖激励机制的比较研究:实验的方法

何种激励方式能更好地促进创新,是理论界和实务界共同关注的问题。本文采用实验研究的方法,分析创新竞赛中锦标赛和拍卖两种激励机制对员工努力水平及收益的影响。利用对88个被试进行的8个实验,本文获得了如下研究结论:(1)锦标赛机制下,单独的竞赛规模因素不会对被试的努力水平产生显著影响,但对被试收取一定的入场费后,随着规模的扩大,被试的努力水平会有所降低;(2)在拍卖机制下,规模因素对被试的努力水平影响显著,且规模较小时是否限制竞价区间对被试竞价值没有显著的影响;(3)对两种激励机制下被试努力水平的比较分析发现,在竞赛规模较小时,拍卖机制下被试的努力水平和收益都优于锦标赛机制。规模较大时,锦标赛和拍卖机制的激励效果没有显著差异。     

是什么影响了人们的自愿合作水平——基于公共品博弈实验数据的分析

本文通过四组公共品博弈实验数据的比较和分析,详细探讨了影响人们自愿合作水平的具体因素。实验数据分析表明人们的自愿合作显著存在,且公共品博弈实验中的合作水平呈现显著的期数效应。同时通过四组公共品博弈数据的两两对比分析发现,组群规模和结构搭配对公共品投资均存在显著影响。本文还进一步分析了个体特征因素包括个体的公益态度和公益行为等因素对公共品合作水平的影响,我们发现男性的合作水平显著高于女性,有实验经验被试的合作水平显著低于无实验经验的被试,同时愿意资助贫困生的被试其合作水平越高。     

风险、社会保障与农村宗教信仰

遵循理性选择研究范式,本文研究了农村社会保障与农村信教行为之间的关系。实证分析结果表明,风险是宗教选择和宗教参与的一个重要决定因素;目前农村社会保障水平对信仰量变有显著影响,但对信仰质变尚不够构成显著影响;＂新农合＂的开展能够有效地降低农村宗教信仰的增长速度。这些结果可以对农村＂宗教热＂现象进行解释：世俗社会对于农村居民所面临风险的不作为或者弱作为,是宗教在农村颇具吸引力的一个重要原因。     

风险、社会保障与农村宗教信仰

遵循理性选择研究范式,本文研究了农村社会保障与农村信教行为之间的关系.实证分析结果表明,风险是宗教选择和宗教参与的一个重要决定因素;目前农村社会保障水平对信仰量变有显著影响,但对信仰质变尚不够构成显著影响;"新农合"的开展能够有效地降低农村宗教信仰的增长速度.这些结果可以对农村"宗教热"现象进行解释:世俗社会对于农村居民所面临风险的不作为或者弱作为,是宗教在农村颇具吸引力的一个重要原因.     

宗教文化、 社会资本与民间借贷行为研究——来自临夏回族自治州的经验证据

本文将民间借贷行为划分为民间融资决策和实际融资额两个连续过程,通过田野调查分析方法对临夏回族自治州民间借贷行为的影响因素进行了定量分析,并着重从社会资本的社会网络维度和信任维度,考察了不同宗教文化影响下所形成的社会资本对民间借贷行为的影响.研究结果表明,宗教文化作为一种非正式制度的社会资本在民间借贷行为中发挥着极其重要的作用.① 由于穆斯林的社会资本是建立在以宗教信仰为基础的彼此信任上,而该地区非穆斯林的社会资本主要表现在以家庭为基础的亲友关系上,这使得社会资本对穆斯林民间借贷行为的影响更加明显.伊斯兰文化是穆斯林地区主要的宗教文化,因此,本文的研究结论对其他穆斯林地区的民间借贷问题研究也具有一定的适用性.     

混合所有制、股权激励与融资决策中的防御行为--基于动态权衡理论的证据

文章基于动态权衡理论,以1999-2014年上市公司为样本,运用混合所有制改革这一“自然实验”条件,研究了高管股权激励对其融资决策中防御行为的影响,分离出激励和治理双重效应。研究发现：(1)股权激励有助于抑制高管融资决策中的防御行为,但这种效应只存在于民营企业中;(2)对于国有企业,只在股权分置改革后才观察到类似效果,而股改前高管在减少债务融资的同时,提高了股权激励水平,自我激励问题明显;(3)公司股权混合度越高,其在赋予高管股权激励上越谨慎,但在国有股比例较高的公司中,混合所有制改革显著提高了股权激励水平;(4)股权混合安排显著改进了股权激励契约在抑制高管防御行为方面的效率,这种效应在非国有股比例较高的公司中更强。     

中国农村"文明的冲突"

基于中国宗教发展特点,本文对宗教俱乐部模型进行了简单的扩展,用来研究宗教与传统文化、世俗文化之间的关系。使用河南农村实地调查数据,本文检验了扩展的宗教俱乐部模型所揭示的宗教替代效应。研究结果表明,宗教归信者对传统文化和世俗文化活动的参与明显小于无宗教信仰者,并且宗教的替代效应与文化活动的世俗性具有正相关关系。这些结果说明了宗教对传统文化、世俗文化替代效应的存在,宗教已经在一定程度上导致了农村分化。     

中国期货市场各板块间风险传导效应研究

本文基于中国期货市场所有期货品种的高频数据,考察了我国期货市场各板块间的风险传导效应。研究结果表明:(1)农产品板块对工业品板块存在单向风险传导;(2)农产品二级板块间不存在显著的风险传导效应;(3)工业品二级板块间的风险存在不同程度的相互传导关系;(4)个别板块的波动显现出一定程度的"周內效应"。     

风险态度影响信任行为的情景依赖性--实验经济学的检验

信任是一种冒险行为,但这种冒险突出地表现为情景依赖性。本文采用实验经济学的研究范式,刻画了是否信任和信任程度的二元选择集和多元选择集的信任决策情景,同时利用获得和损失情景考察人们的风险态度。实验结果发现人们信任行为的动机是利他偏好、心理状态和计算理性,但只有在二元选择信任决策情景和获得风险决策情景中,信任行为与风险态度才显著相关,这也进一步表明信任行为的动机是多样的,这些动机在不同情景下有不同的自我表达,从而导致信任行为在不同决策情景下的差异。此外,实验结果也证实了性别对于信任行为的影响仅限于信任程度,对信任与否的决策没有显著影响。     

关系专用性投资与高管薪酬业绩敏感性

文章从关系专用性投资角度研究高管薪酬的有效性,认为如果考虑公司的关系专用性投资,高管薪酬业绩敏感性较低的现象将得以解释。文章实证检验了两个假设:(1)关系专用性投资显著降低了高管薪酬的业绩敏感性;(2)这种效应在信任水平低的地区更加明显。进一步控制内生性后,研究结论依然成立。文章丰富了以关系契约为基础的转型经济环境下的公司治理与薪酬契约的相关成果,也为上市公司设计有效的薪酬制度提供了新的思路与依据。     

Religious Charities and Government Funding

The government has the responsibility of providing a social service to its citizens. It decides whether to award funds to a religious nonprofit, secular nonprofit, or to produce the service itself. Religious charities are willing to provide the service at lower costs if they can use the funds as an opportunity to proselytize their doctrine. This proselytizing alters the religious preferences of believers in society. In a situation of equal grants to religious charities, this has the consequence of reducing the number of extremists. Furthermore, conservative religious denominations may discriminate against non-religious individuals in the provision of the social service.     

基于体验经济时代宗教旅游产品营销策略

宗教旅游是宗教信仰者基于宗教目的及非宗教旅游者参观宗教景区的活动。宗教旅游本身就是一种体验过程,体验在宗教旅游产品开发中具有重要意义,但目前宗教旅游产品在营销过程中忽视旅游者的体验,使其营销活动存在诸多问题。因此在分析营销问题的基础上有针对性地提出相关策略,以期为宗教旅游发展提供参考。     

Religion,discrimination and trust across three cultures

We propose that religion impacts trust and trustworthiness in ways that depend on how individuals are socially identified and connected. Religiosity and religious affiliation may serve as markers for statistical discrimination. Further, affiliation to the same religion may enhance group identity, or affiliation irrespective of creed may lend social identity, and in turn induce taste-based discrimination. Religiosity may also relate to general prejudice. We test these hypotheses across three culturally diverse countries. Participants׳ willingness to discriminate, beliefs of how trustworthy or trusting others are, as well as actual trust and trustworthiness are measured incentive compatibly. We find that interpersonal similarity in religiosity and affiliation promote trust through beliefs of reciprocity. Religious participants also believe that those belonging to some faith are trustworthier, but invest more trust only in those of the same religion—religiosity amplifies this effect. Across non-religious categories, whereas more religious participants are more willing to discriminate, less religious participants are as likely to display group biases.     

Trust in the image of God: Links between religiosity and reciprocity in Haiti

Are religious believers more prosocial than other people? In a trust game field experiment with 774 subjects in Haiti, we elicit willingness to pay to play in the presence of religious images, and argue that this can be interpreted as a measure of the strength of religiosity. More religious individuals trust others more and reciprocate more than others, with effect sizes between 14% and 21% of mean behaviour depending on the measure. They do not reciprocate more in the presence of religious images than without them, nor towards members of the same denomination as themselves. The results support the view that religious affiliation is correlated with intrinsic trustworthiness. We show that lab behaviour correlates with intuitive measures of religiosity outside the lab and with participation in borrowing and lending networks.     

面子观念视角下农户亲环境行为影响因素研究——以农户塑料袋重复利用行为为例

农户从非亲环境行为转变为亲环境行为的过程中,面子观念对其影响至关重要。研究将转换过程划分为三个阶段,并从经典家庭理论出发,构建面子观念与农户亲环境行为偏好选择模型,在此基础上,以农户塑料袋重复利用行为为例,采用CGSS2013调查数据,运用Logit模型实证分析面子观念对农户亲环境行为的影响。结果表明:(1)在理性人假设下,在非亲环境行为转变为亲环境行为的第一阶段,由于转换成本的形成和高水平状态而维持成本较小,农户越看重面子观念,越对非亲环境行为具有明显偏好;(2)相较于男性,女性更偏好选择亲环境行为;(3)相较于不信教农户,信教农户更偏好选择亲环境行为。研究结论将在指导乡村振兴开展过程中对亲环境行为的宣传和监督上发挥重要作用。     

Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity

Using a large Australian social survey, combined with precise data on neighbourhood characteristics, I explore the factors that affect trust at a local level ('localised trust') and at a national level ('generalised trust'). Trust is positively associated with the respondent's education, and negatively associated with the amount of time spent commuting. At a neighbourhood level, trust is higher in affluent areas, and lower in ethnically and linguistically heterogeneous communities, with the effect being stronger for linguistic heterogeneity than ethnic heterogeneity. Linguistic heterogeneity reduces localised trust for both natives and immigrants, and reduces generalised trust only for immigrants. Instrumental variables specifications show similar results. In contrast to the USA, there is no apparent relationship between trust and inequality across neighbourhoods in Australia.     

宗教信仰、政治身份与企业投资偏好

文章运用企业家宗教信仰的直接调查数据,考察了企业家的个人宗教信仰对企业投资活动的影响。研究发现,相对于研发型投资,有宗教信仰的企业家偏好于风险相对较小的关系型投资;不同类型的宗教信仰对企业投资偏好具有不同的影响,笃信东方宗教的企业家相对于笃信西方宗教的企业家更加偏好于关系型投资;企业家的宗教信仰对投资偏好的影响因企业家是否具有政治身份而有所不同,相对于有政治身份的企业家,没有政治身份的企业家的宗教信仰会更加显著地正向影响关系型投资,表明政治身份可能会弱化宗教信仰在关系型投资中的作用。     

The Effect of Religious Market Competition on Church Giving

This paper contributes to the debate over the effects of religious pluralism on religosity. A key innovative feature of the paper is the use of voluntary contributions from members as a measure of religiosity. Using data from 177 congregations, and employing both the Herfindahl Index and market share as measures of religious market competition, a two-stage least squares estimation technique shows that Protestants give more when their congregation is faced with substantial competition, while Catholics tend to contribute more when they represent a minority church in a heavily concentrated market. This outcome is explained by arguing that churches with more competition react by providing a more satisfactory product and do a better job of filling niches in the religious marketplace.     

Institutional Fundraising: An Analysis of Taiwan's Religious Enterprises

In Taiwan, one could observe that several prominent religious groups such as Tzu Chi (founded by Master Cheng Yen in 1966), Fo Guang Shan (founded by Master Hsing Yun in 1967), and Dharma Drum Mountain (founded by the late Master Sheng Yen in 1989) have been constantly growing. These religious groups have not only attracted regular donors but also wealthy people within society and have been very successful in raising funds. Above all, they have established for themselves a worldwide reputation and become multinational religious enterprises. To analyze the fundraising performance of the aforementioned religious groups, this paper introduces some new concepts of institutions and also suggests several propositions on fundraising, entrepreneurship, and institutions. This paper points out that Taiwan's religious enterprises are an outgrowth of powerful fundraising performance. Once the religious groups enter the stage of institutional change, the amount of funds collected becomes the dominant exogenous variable and religious entrepreneurship becomes endogenous. Over time, this dynamic process has further promoted entrepreneurship. Again, entrepreneurship becomes the dominant exogenous variable and the funds accumulate at an increasing rate. Eventually, the religious enterprises emerge.