Beliefs,Economic Volatility,and Redistributive Preferences Across Developing Countries

Beliefs about social competition affect redistributive demands and the responsibility assigned to government regarding public provisions. Given the strong link between beliefs and the extent of support for social protection, it is important to explain the cross‐country differences. The paper analyzes the factors that are crucial in explaining redistributive demands across developing countries with a special emphasis on beliefs about social competition. While ideas about luck versus effort in determining economic prospects are explanatory in every country, our findings also suggest that in societies with high economic volatility the role of beliefs is amplified. Vast fluctuations in economic performance fuel the opinion that economic failure is a result of systemic characteristics, and individuals are not necessarily held fully responsible for their material faiths in such settings. Therefore, government is assigned a greater role in basic provisioning.     

企业社会责任：概念、争论、标准与限度——基于权利意识的一种考量

企业社会责任是一个动态的概念,在不同的国家、不同的历史发展阶段具有不同的规定性;关于企业是否应承担社会责任的争论,一直没有止息过,反对者有之,赞成者也有之;研究企业社会责任必须从权利意识出发;在经济全球化的背景下,试图确定一个具有普适性的企业社会责任标准,是不现实的;企业社会责任是有限的责任,确立企业社会责任的限度应坚持自愿的原则、差别对待的原则。     

知识、垄断与产业发展

在人类进入知识经济社会之后,知识要素对于产业发展、产业结构重组等产生重大影响。一个显著的现象就是,在知识产业领域,主要的企业形态是垄断性企业,而不是竞争性企业,这明显不同于长期以来的经济发展实践。不仅如此,这一显著现象还向传统的经济学理论提出了挑战。传统经济学理论认为,垄断有损效率,但在知识产业领域,恰恰是垄断提升效率,而打破垄断倒有可能损害效率。     

Knowledge spillovers, transboundary pollution, and growth

Trade in natural resources is construed as a dynamic game betweenNorth and South. Policies that promote growth in the North alsocause knowledge spillovers and transboundary pollution in theSouth. Cooperative and noncooperative Nash equilibria of thisstrategic trade game are simulated under various scenarios byparallel genetic algorithms to highlight the distortions inthe growth/pollution trade-off. Absent cooperation, both regionsbenefit when North simultaneously cuts waste and increases knowledgespillovers, impelling South to reciprocate by lower resourceprices.     

Exports,Product Differentiation and Knowledge Spillovers

Empirical studies on aggregate export behavior have recently emphasized the role played by innovation as the main force driving product differentiation and competitiveness for developed countries. These studies treat foreign innovation as a variable that affects negatively national export shares. We incorporate the impact of foreign innovation in a standard new trade theory model and find that, if knowledge spillovers exist, foreign knowledge accumulation could even have a positive effect on national exports. We then test the model using aggregate export data for a set of 21 OECD economies and find that the foreign stock of knowledge affects exports positively for the less advanced countries in the sample and negatively for the G7 economies. JEL Classification Numbers: F12, O31, C22, C23     

熟练劳动力跨国移民、知识结构与经济增长

熟练劳动力跨国移民对于发展中国家人力资本投资的激励效应近年来被许多文献所强调,不过这些文献都忽略了这种激励效应对于人力资本结构的影响。本文通过区分人力资本的类型,构建了一个基于技术进步、知识结构和经济增长关系的模型,分析了熟练劳动力跨国移民对于移出国人力资本积累及经济增长的影响。分析显示,不同发展阶段的国家需要不同知识结构的人力资本,跨国移民的经济影响取决于移出国所处的阶段。在技术模仿阶段,跨国移民的激励效应会扭曲移出国人力资本积累的结构,从而延缓经济增长。只有到了技术创新阶段,这种激励效应对人力资本积累的扭曲才会消失。另外,目标国对熟练劳动力的移民"门槛"政策,会加重移出国人力资本积累的扭曲,进一步延缓其经济增长。     

技术创新、知识溢出与贸易竞争

将技术创新、知识溢出范围、经济增长与产品竞争之间建立起理论联系,这是产品创新模型在贸易与增长理论中的一个重要扩展。在南北贸易框架下(北方创新-南方模仿),发展中国家的技术进步和经济增长取决于知识溢出的范围,知识国际溢出有效地剔除重复研究以降低创新成本,而知识国内溢出不利于产品创新和长期增长。南北贸易框架忽视了发展中国家大国也有高技术部门从事技术创新的事实,本文通过刻画高技术部门创新与低技术部门模仿对两部门产品的相对价格和相对成本的影响发现,知识的国内溢出对发展中国家的技术进步与产品竞争同样具有重要的促进作用,这对于理解和调整贸易竞争政策具有重要含义。     

Pension Participants’ Attitudes,Beliefs, and Emotional Responses to the New Dutch Pension System

De Economist - As of 2022, the Dutch pension system will be overhauled. The success of this as well as other pension reforms also depends on how participants react to and accept such changes. We...     

知识类型与知识管理

随着知识经济的出现,学者们越来越关注内隐知识和外明知识之间的关系。知识管理的实践从注重外明知识管理和注重内隐知识管理两种典范向二者融合发展。知识转化的过程是内隐知识与外明知识的四阶段互动过程;对应于这四个阶段,有四种“场”构成了知识管理的平台。     

知识失业的成因、影响及对策研究

知识失业是指受过高等教育的知识劳动者处于不得其用的状态,近年来我国知识失业现象开始出现并受到广泛关注。本文研究了我国出现知识失业现象的原因和负面影响,提出了减少知识失业的对策建议。     

大放光芒的教训与坚持科学发展观

历史往往喜欢把对比强烈的事物摆放在一起,呈现世人面前,大喜大悲的戏剧性结果发人深省。     

人类福利:概念和概念化

经济学对收入的测算忽视了人类福利的很多内容。虽然这种扭曲正被逐渐关注，但是“人均GNP仍然被作为衡量一国生活水平的最重要的指标”(Partha Dasgupta)。从直觉上，福利被认为是一个概念是合理的，但实际上，令人困惑的是，我们遇到了对福利概念和方法的不同定义，部分反映了不同的背景、目的和注意点。那么，有没有反映福利的复杂性和多样性的统一框架呢?本文表述了一个相对的和综合的框架，建立在Sen等的贡献上，虽然可能并不完美。由于福利概念实际上反映了人的个性和科学的面貌，比较复杂，因此我们会循序渐进地讨论这个框架。为防止个人观点对这个框架的影响，通过回顾大量的相关经验和观点，对其内在的理解逐渐增强了。论文接着使用这个框架考察人类福利的概念化，经由Dasgupta，Sen，Nussbaum，Doyal和Gough以及Alkire的研究。     

全球化:德国的应对、经验与启示

德国因具有较高的全球化水平而成为全球化中的重要角色。新世纪以来,一系列全球化事件对德国的经济、内政、外交和文化等诸多方面产生了具有冲击性的影响。无论是世界反恐运动,还是全球经济危机,德国都依托其特征鲜明的宪政制度和社会市场经济制度作出了堪称典范的应对,并取得了为人称道的积极效果。文章从多角度、全方位考察并分析德国应对全球化的做法与经验,总结探究德国对全球化的复杂情感,从中提炼出成功要诀和启示:凡事立法先行、政府有限干预、尊重现有制度框架、重视独立知识分子的作用。     

知识经济的现状、未来及其对策

本文分析了知识经济的特点 ,论述了它与信息技术、科学技术、教育的关系 ,以及我们所面临的机遇和挑战。     

知识、全要素生产率与中等收入陷阱

文章围绕中等收入陷阱与知识、全要素生产率三者之间的关系,沿着中等收入陷阱的表象-陷入中等收入陷阱的机制-实证陷入陷阱的临界条件-跨越中等收入陷阱的路径选择的思路展开。经过理论与实证研究发现:(1)中等收入陷阱是多重均衡的经济运行过程中低水平均衡的表现;(2)形成低水平均衡的原因在于经济体进入中等收入初期时,知识存量占比低于门槛水平;(3)实证求得知识存量占比初值的门槛值为1.9154,若低于该值则经济收敛于低水平均衡,且知识存量占比对经济发展产生负作用,反之则反是;(4)中国的创新效率与发达国家之间的差距依然存在,提升知识存量占比进而顺利跨越中等收入陷阱的有效路径是有效提高R&D投入效率以及加大企业的创新规模等。     

京津合作 双赢之路

2005年10月11日通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》提出“推进天津滨海新区等条件较好地区的开发开放”，标志着天津滨海新区正式进入“国家战略”。上世纪80年代深圳率先改革，带动珠三角；90年代浦东率先开发，带动长三角；新世纪前10年，随着天津滨海新区进入“国家战略”，京津冀“环渤海”圈迎来了发展契机。 北京作为环渤海区域的首位城市，如何在点燃滨海新区这台引擎后，继续保持快速发展势头，应对区域一体化发展的机遇与挑战，积极推动京津区域合作乃至环渤海区域的经济社会发展，成为“十一五“时期北京发展所面临的一个重要课题。     

Inter-group Disparities in the Distributional Analysis of Human Development: Concepts,Measurement, and Illustrative Applications

An important feature of most segmented societies is that deprivations and well-being achievements are unequally distributed across well-defined sub-groups of the population, when the latter is partitioned according to a variety of social or geographical categories, such as gender, caste, ethnicity, religion, occupation, sector of origin, or region of domicile. Group disparities are a matter of both instrumental interest in assessing the nature of a society (such as in terms of its propensity for conflict) and intrinsic concern in evaluations of a society’s record of ‘horizontal’ distributive justice. One aspect of a study of population heterogeneity would reside in the measurement of inter-group inequalities in the distribution of a society’s burdens and benefits. It is this aspect of the problem that is reviewed in the present paper. It is useful to note that group inequality can be categorized into different types (which are nevertheless mutually linked by certain commonalities of purpose and motivation), and a particularly instructive taxonomy is available in a recent paper by Arjun Jayadev and Sanjay Reddy (‘Inequalities and Identities’, which is available on the website of the Social Science Research Network, at ). The present paper also presents taxonomy of alternative approaches to reckoning group inequality, and discusses a number of real-valued measures of group disparity, mainly based on work in which this author has earlier engaged, by himself or in collaboration.