Nutrition knowledge and barriers to good dietary practices among primary school children in a farming community

This article examines the nutrition practices of black African children attending farm schools and looks at what they know about nutrition. The research was part of the Farm Labour and General Health (FLAGH) project of the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), South Africa. Two schools participated in the study, which involved 132 primary schoolchildren aged 8 to 16 years. A structured questionnaire revealed the children's knowledge about nutrition related issues, and focus group discussions brought to light attitudes and barriers to sound dietary practices. This study provided insight into the lives of children living on commercial farms in the North West Province. The findings provide strong support for the view that while nutrition education is important to children's development of nutrition knowledge, good dietary practices and overall nutritional status, so also are influences from the children's social, economic and psychological environment.     

税制与产权界定——一个文献综述

税制与产权界定是相互关联的问题。对这个问题的深化认知可以帮助我们分析什么样的税制是最优的(在一定的约束条件下);产权边界是否是现有约束条件下最能发挥激励效益的。更进一步可以帮助我们认识:政府和市场有效率的边界。但在现有的文献涉及这一问题的较少,只能在有限的文献基础上做一粗陋的归纳。     

基于网络嵌入性的企业间知识共享及其实现机理研究

知识共享是企业获取外部战略性资源的重要途径。信息不完全情况下,企业间的单次博弈中并不会引起知识的共享,知识共享过程存在着内在的矛盾。而通过网络嵌入的协调机制,降低由信息不完全带来的不确定性,可以改变企业间知识共享博弈的收益矩阵,促进企业间知识共享。本文认为,结构嵌入决定了企业可获得知识资源的范围和深度,而关系嵌入则决定了知识资源得以开发和利用的程度。     

小人书：一个时代的记忆

时光倒退40多年前，人们的阅读世界不像现在这么丰富。新华书店里虽说也是摆满了各种版本、各种题材的书籍，但比之今天的繁荣景象，不可同日而语。想读书，图书馆里有，但进图书馆也不像今日这么简单，且全市也没几所。光是有头有脸、专业需要的人士都照顾不过来，更不要说那些识不了几个字的“小屁孩”了。我印象中，从小学到高中毕业，就没机会进过图书馆。新华书店有书卖，但买不起。一本长篇小说，二三百页的平装本，怎么也要个1元多钱，精装本就更贵了。当时二级工多的1个月挣不到40元钱，少的连30元都挣不到，怎么可能舍得掏钱去买书读？有工作的如此，上学的或者没到上学年龄的孩子，就更没指望了。我永远忘不了，有一年我狠狠心把攒的零花钱全拿出来，到位于威海路的台东新华书店买了本《海岛女民兵》，当天就看完了。看时觉得很过瘾，但看后心里直疼：这可是1元钱啊，顶1天的生活费都不止。那年月，1天能花1元钱吃喝的人家也不多。     

城市的气质

人们常说,漂亮的女人让人爱一时,气质的女人让人爱一生。实际上,城市也是如此。当人们深深爱上一座城市的时候,会发现,真正令人流连忘返的,并不是她得天独厚的"外貌",而是她内在的韵昧和气质。于是,当人们开始关注一座城市的气质时,才知道,经年的积淀和无息的传承,才能成就她的美。     

EXPLORING ATTRITION BIAS: THE CASE OF THE KHAYELITSHA PANEL STUDY (2000-2004)

Attrition bias is a problem for users of panel data. Researchers need to know what socio‐economic factors are associated with attrition, and whether this is of relevance for the kind of analysis they want to conduct. This paper discusses attrition bias in the 2000/2004 Khayelitsha panel study. It shows that women, shack‐dwellers and people living in smaller households are more likely to attrit, but that the impact of these variables on the probability of attrition is relatively small. The implications for labour‐market analysis are then explored using Mincerian earnings functions and a probit regression on whether respondents are wage‐employed or not. The coefficients generated using a restricted sample of non‐attritors do not differ significantly from those generated by the entire sample. This suggests that attrition bias in this particular data set is not a problem for this kind of labour market analysis.     

孙中山的知行观

一个世纪前,孙中山先生为了鼓舞革命党人勇于投身斗争实践,提出和宣扬＂知难行易＂的认识论学说,以此否定传统的＂知易行难＂之说。他认为＂知难而行易,行先而知后＂,主张＂以行而求知,因知以进行＂。这种富于创意和特色的知行观,作为孙中山哲学思想中最有代表性的内容而独树一帜于中国哲学史。     

天津滨海新区发展的驱动力分析

从改革开放到现在我们可以看到中国在发展区域经济方面已经积累了丰富的经验,而对于环渤海经济圈的发展能否套用以前的经验则尚无定论。地处环渤海经济圈核心地位的天津滨海新区的发展,却为本区的发展提供了非常重要有价值的参考。本文着重对滨海新区的发展驱动力做了分析,通过分析可以看到本区域发展应采用的方法,依存的优势和产业经济定位。作者认为从某种更高的角度认为天津滨海新区的建设发展将为环渤海经济圈的振兴作出巨大贡献,将成为本地区经济发展的发动机。     

Causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation is one of the defining events of the last millennium. Nearly 500 years after the Reformation, its causes and consequences have seen a renewed interest in the social sciences. Research in economics, sociology, and political science increasingly uses detailed individual-level, city-level, and regional-level data to identify drivers of the adoption of the Reformation, its diffusion pattern, and its socioeconomic consequences. We take stock of this research, pointing out what we know and what we do not know and suggesting the most promising areas for future research.     

Rethinking about Eco-tourism

In recent years, a great deal of illegal operation in Eco-tourism has destroyed our ecological environment. This destroyment is against what Eco-tourism should have been like. In this article, we will make it clear the essence of Eco-tourism, the relation between Eco-tourism and the exigence of sustainable development. All of these can help people know more about ecology, which can be beneficial to our resources and environment.     

Reservation Values and Regret in Laboratory First‐Price Auctions: Context and Bidding Behavior

Recent articles hypothesize that an asymmetry in regret motivates aggressive bidding in laboratory first‐price auctions. Subjects emphasize potential earnings foregone from being outbid. Proposed motivators of this asymmetry include the one‐to‐one relationship in the auction between winning and positive earnings and the ex post knowledge that bidders who do not win the auction know they earned less than the winning bidder. We design a novel implementation of the first‐price auction environment in which these characteristics are not present, while leaving unchanged the expected‐earnings maximizing bidding strategy against any fixed beliefs about the bidding behavior of others. Bidding is significantly less aggressive in this treatment. These findings support the hypothesis that aggressive bidding is motivated in part by features of the protocol for incentivizing subjects that are not essential to the auction environment.     

The Mundane Economics of the Austrian School

The Austrian School of economics—the causal-realist, marginalist, subjectivist tradition established by Carl Menger in 1871—has experienced a remarkable renaissance over the last five decades. It is not always clear, however, exactly what distinguishes the Austrian School from other traditions, schools of thought, approaches, or movements within economics and its sister disciplines. This paper argues that Austrian economics, while part of a broader tradition emphasizing the coordination of the market order, is nonetheless a distinct kind of economic analysis, and that its essence is not subjectivism, the market process, or spontaneous order, but what I call “mundane economics”—price theory, capital theory, monetary theory, business-cycle theory, and the theory of interventionism. Call this the “hard core” of Austrian economics. I argue that this hard core is (1) distinct, and not merely a verbal rendition of mid-twentieth-century neoclassical economics; (2) the unique foundation for applied Austrian analysis (political economy, social theory, business administration, and the like); and (3) a living, evolving body of knowledge, rooted in classic contributions of the past but not bound by them. Most Austrian economists from Menger to Rothbard devoted their energies to developing and communicating the principles of mundane economics, not because they failed to grasp the importance of time, uncertainty, knowledge, expectations, institutions, and market processes, but because they regarded these issues as subordinate to the main task of economic science, namely the construction of a more satisfactory theory of value, production, exchange, price, money, capital, and intervention.     

How the Nature of Product Differentiation Affects Procurement Competition

This article uses computational methods that reveal substantive differences among the equilibrium outcomes from three models of procurement competition: a recently developed model requiring numerical solution and two analytically tractable models that might naturally be considered suitable proxies. The models differ in what sellers know about the buyer's preferences for their products, and they yield substantially different prices and payoffs, different implications for institutional choice, surprising intensities of competition, and qualitatively different comparative statics. These findings caution against using the analytically convenient models when the newer model is empirically appropriate. Reinterpreting the models and results also provides new insights regarding price discrimination in oligopoly.     

User participation ‐ a closed dialogue

The arguments presented in this article centre on attempts to Jorge architectures that are appropriate to the new South Africa. These efforts are rooted in our long‐held, modernist commitment to architectures that do more than simply reflect the societies in which they are produced. Buildings, for us, are not merely images of what is, of how we live at the moment. On the contrary, we hold that, via its material presence as embodied human action, architecture can and does speak of what might be and of how we might live. Appropriate architectures for the new South Africa must, then, help to shape and educate people's desires. This, of course, is much more than just a matter of form and style. In the nineteenth century, engineers and architects were called on to accommodate new social relationships in the new building types they designed: factories, railway stations, public libraries and so on. In the same way South African designers in the 1990s are being challenged to apply their knowledge and skills to the new spatial demands of their burgeoning democratic society. In confronting these expectations, architects have to work closely with the users of the buildings they design; that is, the community. In short, the new spatial forms which architects propose need to embody the participatory processes which will produce them.     

The value of concepts in human development as the basis of all development

In an intercultural situation, universally the problems of transfer of concepts are numerable. In most situations a large number of people have to study and communicate through a second language, which makes the transfer of concepts even more diflicult It is therefore important to know what concepts are. the role that they play in learning and to have an understanding of the important things around us. in order to handle the real‐life world as efficiently as possible. Concepts are formed by means of the mother tongue and it is difficult to translate these into another language early in life.

Only after all the basic concepts are formed and the second language has developed sufficiently, can concepts be translated into this second language. No man can be educated efficiently if he is not in a position to handle concepts effectively. As a result of this, all development is seriously hampered.     

Smallholder Adoption of Tree Crops: A Case Study of Cocoa in Sulawesi

Tree crops play an important role in the Indonesian economy. A large share of these crops is grown by smallholders, most of whom have not been assisted in any way by government policies. In order to assess the future potential for tree crops, it would be useful to know what factors determine smallholder tree crop adoption. This paper uses survey data from Sulawesi to assess the role of such factors as education, land ownership and information in explaining the adoption of cocoa, a new tree crop introduced into the region in the late 1970s.     

Dynamism and development

In industrialized countries, the human needs and purposes to be served by science and technology are increasingly subject to greater social control. People in developing countries are also preoccupied with controlling choices in the development and application of technology - and the priceless ingredient in controlling their own destiny.The encounter between the more and less dynamic societies makes developing countries the targets of an ‘information bombardment’. Science, technology, values and organization - the ‘active ingredients’ in development - are all forms of information (a resource that is not merely renewable but expandable). The capacity of indigenous people to understand and manipulate the information flow - linking science (‘know what’) and technology (‘know-how’) to human values (‘know why’) and social authority and organization (‘know who’) - is consequently the key to the dynamics of ‘development’.     

Knowledge Systems and Technological Dynamism in Industrial Clusters in Developing Countries

Research on industrial clusters in developing countries is increasingly concerned with how their competitiveness evolves and changes over time. This article shows what analytical shifts are needed to unravel the technological underpinnings of clusters' longer-term competitiveness. Building upon an understanding of technological learning in large-scale firms, we stress the need to focus on systems of knowledge accumulation, rather than just production systems. With this in mind, future research should investigate clusters' active capabilities for generating and diffusing knowledge, and their openness to external sources of knowledge. A conceptual framework to guide investigation of these aspects of cluster knowledge-systems is presented.     

中国咨询业的前景透视

产业的升级、知识经济的发展都离不开一个产业——咨询业。咨询业是 2 1世纪的重要产业 ,与国民经济息息相关。我国经济发展和同世界接轨的速度预示着我国的咨询市场将迅速扩大。然而 ,我国的咨询产业尚处于嗷嗷待哺之时 ,同时大量跨国咨询公司又悄悄向我国咨询市场发起进攻。     

Uncertainty,policy ineffectiveness and long stagnation of the macroeconomy

When reform has no direct aggregate effects, but only changes agents’ incentives to act, uncertainty can weaken its effect. Because agents learn about policy change by observing their signals, increasing signal noise makes it harder for agents to know that reform has occurred. When policy changes are difficult to observe, they change agents’ actions less and have less aggregate effect. This is the main point illustrated in the model by Aoki and Yoshikawa.