中韩贸易发展与展望

中韩建交20年来,两国进入了直接贸易阶段。中韩经贸关系发展日新月异,但一些问题也变得更加突出,如贸易与投资的不平衡等,使双边关系可持续性发展面临着诸多挑战。与此同时,两国关系的发展又存在历史机遇。如何抓住契机,扩大交流与合作领域,实现双赢和地区多赢,是两国政府应该认真研究的重大课题。     

市场出清与经济增长——国民收入模型中一个结论的修补及其意义

储蓄等于投资是宏观经济学教科书中的一个基础性结论,而高投资率或高储蓄率意味着高增长率又为大多数经济学家所接受;但在近年来分析我国宏观经济现象时,又经常出现把经济紧缩的症结归结于消费不足,即储蓄率过高的观点。在分析时,常常指出储蓄大于投资,却回避解释储蓄不等于投资的原因。从宏观经济理论体系中的国民收入模型分析看,上述矛盾的根源在于经济分析中的投资和储蓄的概念并不相等。投资相等的储蓄概念实际上包含了未实现的投资和消费。因此,高储蓄率并非经济紧缩的原因,解决经济紧缩的方法不仅在于减少储蓄,还在于市场出清的实现。从根本上解决我国需求不足状况,必须调整经济结构,使消费品生产、资本品生产与我国较高的储蓄率相匹配,按比例发展。     

Principles for Economic Recovery and Renewal

Over the past year, substantial progress has been made on the path to economic recovery. Yet, as true with most recessions induced by a financial crisis, recovery is going to be long and slow. This is particularly true for employment. Moreover, there is evidence that indicates there are structural as well as cyclical concerns about this recovery's slow employment growth. The personal as well as macroeconomic costs of this slow growth mean that there is no higher public policy priority than economic recovery and job creation. This address presents and discusses three guiding principles for economic policy: restoring confidence, increasing aggregate demand, and achieving broader and deeper education.     

中美消费对比与政策建议

本文通过对中美两国消费及消费政策的对比分析,并根据中国的特殊国情,提出促进中国消费的政策建议.     

经济全球化和企业发展战略

本文认为,经济全球化主要有四个特点:第一,以金融为核心。世界金融一体化主要表现为货币的虚拟化程度增加,各国货币之间的汇率会因其购买力的变化而产生较大波动,资本跨国流动的规模增大,速度加快,虚拟经济膨胀,世界金融市场的集成度提高。第二,以知识为基础。即以知识为基础的产业在产业结构中占主要成分,知识在生产力构成中发挥重要影响,在经济增长中起主要作用,与知识有关的成本在产品成本中占有较大的份额。第三,以信息技术为先导。信息技术缩小了空间距离,争取了时间,提高了效率。第四,以跨国公司为载体。文章提出,培养我国的跨国公司非常重要,企业在实现跨国经营的过程中要从全球的角度制定企业发展战略,从全球的角度考虑盈利模式和商业模式。     

Policies and practice in Denmark and Sweden

Abstract: Danish laws regulating banking and financial services organizations have no consumer protection provisions, although there is one law regulating a particular kind of payment instrument, the Payment Cards Act. However, general consumer protection law applies to banks and other financial services organizations, as well as other kinds of business. In particular, the Marketing Practices and Price Marking and Price Display Acts give responsibilities to the consumer ombudsman. This legal framework is complemented by guidelines issued – after consultation – by the consumer ombudsman, for example on conduct of business in bank advice, mortgage business and distance selling involving payment cards. The Danish system may be summarized as providing for standards of business behaviour laid down in general terms by law, backed by a supervisory authority with little power of coercion but playing an important role in influencing businesses to adopt high consumer protection standards and in negotiating solutions to problems as they emerge. The Swedish system is generally similar, but less advanced in the use of guidelines for the conduct of business. Both countries provide consumers who have unresolved complaints with easy access to alternative dispute resolution systems and the courts are rarely used to establish case law.     

Subcontracting and the Performance of Small and Medium Firms in Japan

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the choices made by Japanese firms with respect to subcontracting status, that is, whether to take in work as subcontractor, to outsource work to subcontractors, to do both or to do neither. It shows that the probability of working as a subcontractor, a choice made by many small firms in Japan, is negatively related to size, foreign sales and technological capability. Furthermore, profits do not appear to be higher for subcontracting firms; indeed, they are highest for the group that does not get involved in any type of subcontracting, whether as a supplier or as an outsourcer.     

Whither globalisation and convergence? Asian examples and future research

Among the most popular of buzzwords and debated topics for governments, policy-makers and management as well as academia are ‘globalisation’. Under its influence, one implication is that there is ‘convergence’ around a set of universally applicable and transferable beliefs and ‘global’ standards or ‘best’ practices which in turn produce ever more standardization with homogenized and similar nations and practices – the ‘McDonaldisation’ of everything. However, this is not a new idea and needs historical grounding and context. Also, in Asia, we can see globalization differently with not only constraints and alternatives, but even counter trends at both institutional and cultural levels, such as post-1980s ideas of the ‘Japanisation’ of management and industries and now the so-called ‘Korean Wave’ of Korean entertainment and popular culture rolling out over parts of the world. This indicates that globalization’s converging impacts are less all-powerful than is often portrayed and thought.     

The legitimacy of accountants' participation in social and ethical accounting, auditing and reporting

This paper discusses the legitimacy of accountants' recent involvement in social and ethical accounting, auditing and reporting (SEAAR). Support for accountants' legitimacy is proposed by highlighting some of the technical skills they offer to the SEAAR process as conceived in AA1000. It is argued that the relevance of these skills is strengthened within a conception of SEAAR which principally perceives it as a risk/stakeholder management process focused primarily on the concerns of corporate management as opposed to those of the wider society. However, the paper moves on to maintain that if we wish to promote a conception of SEAAR primarily focused on accountability to stakeholders (denoted as 'true accountability') as opposed to risk/stakeholder management, then, particularly in the domain of external social audit, the legitimacy of accountants' participation may be disputed. The paper therefore concludes by cautioning against facilitating the unquestioned entry of accountants into the realm of SEAAR.     

Probability and Mode of Acquisition Effects on Choices Between Hedonic and Utilitarian Options

We examine the effects of probability and mode of acquisition on choices between hedonic and utilitarian alternatives. The results suggest that the lower the probability of receiving the selected item, the more likely individuals will be to choose the more hedonic alternative in a choice set. Mode of acquisition (i.e., whether subjects are choosing in a windfall or a standard purchase situation) is also found to affect preferences, even when probability of acquisition is held constant. Hedonic options appear to be more popular as prizes than as purchases, whereas utilitarian options appear to be more popular as purchases than as prizes.     

浅析计算机图形图像设计中黑白语言符号

黑白作为图形审美功能中的一种语言，如同日常生活中人们表达感情交流思想一样，存在着差异，表意清楚只是起码要求，进而需要“语言美”，在高层次的范围里，使黑白语言符号不仅只是说明和图解，而是进一步为观赏者提供美感信息。     

能源—交通体系与城市化模式

从历史的长周期看,城市发展模式与能源形式、交通运输模式之间存在着密切的关系,能源形式及其利用方式和交通运输模式所形成的能源—交通体系决定了不同国家城市化的不同模式。每一次新的能源的开发和利用,都会带来不同的能源—交通体系以及不同的城市化模式,也都会使经济和社会发展产生一次新的飞跃。     

Perceived threats of terrorism and job performance: The roles of job-related anxiety and religiousness

This study investigates the relationship between employees' perceptions of the threat of terrorism and job performance, as well as a potential mediating effect of job-related anxiety and a moderating effect of religiousness on this relationship. Multisource, time-lagged data from employees and their supervisors in Pakistan reveal that an important reason that perceived threats of terrorism diminish job performance is the anxiety that employees experience at work. Employees' religiousness buffers the negative effect of perceived threats of terrorism on job-related anxiety though, such that the relationship is mitigated when their religiousness is high. Finally, the results indicate the presence of moderated mediation: the indirect effect of perceived threats of terrorism on job performance is not as strong at higher levels of religiousness. In external environments in which terrorism presents a credible threat, organizations can therefore consider the religiousness of their employees as a resource for countering their anxiety.     

人口城镇化质量、消费扩大升级与中国经济增长

本文在研究人口城镇化质量、消费扩大升级对经济增长作用机理的基础上,基于1978-2014年相关数据,对人口城镇化质量的消费需求、消费结构效应及消费需求传导下人口城镇化质量对经济增长的效应分别进行实证分析。研究结果发现,人口城镇化质量对消费需求扩大具有正向影响,但受制于消费环境等因素,这一作用效应并非完全显著;人口城镇化质量具备提升消费结构的基础,关键在于释放前期累积的负面效应;人口城镇化质量与经济增长基本形成一个相互作用的动态系统,存在通过消费传导实现经济增长的路径,但受制于过去粗放外延型的城镇化发展模式,这种正向传导机制发生扭曲,正向促进作用逐渐被负面影响替代。     

Growth and entrepreneurship

In this paper we suggest that the spillover of knowledge may not occur automatically as typically assumed in models of endogenous growth. Rather, a mechanism is required to serve as a conduit for the spillover and commercialization of knowledge from the source creating it, to the firms actually commercializing the new ideas. In this paper, entrepreneurship is identified as one such mechanism facilitating the spillover of knowledge. Using a panel of entrepreneurship data from 18 countries, we provide empirical evidence that, in addition to measures of Research & Development and human capital, entrepreneurial activity also serves to promote economic growth.     

Firm and Group Dynamics in the Small and Medium Enterprise Sector in Indonesia

This paper discusses the role of clusters and subcontracting as factors in the evolution of small and medium firms in Indonesia during the last quarter century. It is argued that a number of such firms have become successful exporters of rattan furniture, wood furniture and garments on the strength of subcontracting relationships with foreign investors and buyers as well as agglomeration economies achieved by clustering in selected locations. Examples are provided to show that clustered enterprises are more likely to be in the exports business and to adopt product and process innovations as compared to more dispersed firms. Public policy support for fostering subcontracting links and cluster formation is also discussed.     

直接加间接锁相调频应用于TV伴音调频

本文分析了锁相调频的原理,指出了直接锁相调频应用于TV伴音调频的缺陷。同时分析了直接加间接锁相调频应用于TV伴音调频的优点,即既可以克服伴音漂移现象,又可以扩展调制频率下限。笔者最后给出了具体设计实例和测试参数。     

Adaptation and Performance in New Businesses: Understanding the Moderating Effects of Independence and Industry

New ventures as well as new business units experience significant difficulties in finding a viable business model. They often need to adapt their initial business model due to the presence of uncertainty and ambiguity. Technology-based companies are confronted with particularly high degrees of uncertainty and ambiguity. We hypothesize that adaptation is crucial for the performance (measured as survival) of these businesses, but that this effect is moderated by the (in)dependence of the new technology-based business and by the industry in which it is active. We test the adaptation-performance hypothesis through a survival analysis of a sample of 117 independent new ventures and business units. Our findings suggest that adaptation is beneficial in less mature, capital-intensive and high-velocity industries but not so in more mature, stable industries. Also, adaptation reduces failure rates in dependent business units as compared to independent ventures.