旅游服务供应链中成员环节关系的协调

以实现旅游服务供应链中成员环节的协调运转为基本目标,在对旅游服务供应链结构构成了解的基础上,从旅游供应链中的组成要素、基本特征和各个成员环节之间的关系等多个方面出发,阐述了旅游服务供应链管理的重点所在,运用得益模型和最佳数据选择模型对旅游服务供应链中各个成员环节之间协调问题进行分析,并提出了实现旅游服务供应链协调运转的有效措施。     

旅游服务供应链中若干环节的协调

自20世纪90年代以来,有些学者已经认识到供应链思想应用于旅游业的重要作用,从不同角度对旅游业的发展应加强供应链建设进行了探讨,而目前我国对旅游服务供应链的研究尚处于初始阶段.对于旅游业而言,旅游产品综合性的特点决定了单个旅游企业不可能提供完全的产品,此种属性同时也决定了旅游服务供应链的存在和形成.旅游服务供应链一旦形成,就需要我们考虑各个企业之间的衔接和协调问题.本文先叙述了旅游服务供应链的概念,然后应用博弈模型、经典报童模型就旅游服务供应链中若干环节的协调进行讨论并给出对策.     

旅游服务供应链运作中成员环节关系的协调研究

旅游服务产品较高的综合性对于旅游服务供应链运作中成员环节关系的协调性提出了较高的要求,考虑到旅行社、游客和旅游运输公司在旅游服务供应链中的重要地位及其关系协调的难度,以此为重点,利用相关理论和模型研究了其关系协调的问题。研究结果认为,旅行社和游客关系中的诚信问题可以通过建立健全相关旅游行业协会、及时发布相关信息的方式,来降低旅游市场供求信息不对称程度加以解决;对于旅行社和航空公司之间的利益博弈和冲突,可以通过对机票价格进行调整折扣的方式,使两者都能实现最优订票策略,从而实现两者价值收益同步达到最大化。     

旅行社主体下的旅游供应链运作模式研究

旅游服务供应链描述了旅游服务各个环节企业之间的关系,旅游供应链水平的高低关乎着整个行业的发展水平。旅行社在整个旅游服务供应链中担任着重要的协调各个企业的角色,其在整个旅游供应链中的地位很关键,站在旅行社的角度来对旅游服务供应链的运作模式进行推进,能够有效的发挥旅行社的核心协调作用促进整个旅行社的发展。     

供应链协调的若干问题探讨

供应链能够正常运转的关键在于供应链的各成员之间的协调,协调有助于确保供应链的各成员都能够采取提高总体利润的措施．避免出现局部利润提高而总体利润受损的现象。从供应链失调的原因出发,分析供应链失调对经营业绩的影响以及供应链协调中的障碍,分别从激励机制、信息沟通、提高业绩、定价策略和建立战略伙伴关系五个方面提出了相应的解决方法．得出从供应链和协调两个方面入手进行有效的供应链协调的结论。     

企业对大数据投资的资本决策与协调研究——基于供应链的视角

基于生产商和零售商组成的两级供应链模型,文章采用博弈均衡解理论和算例分析的方法,结合零售商经营场所内商品错放对最优订货量的影响,对企业投资大数据技术的资本决策与协调问题进行了研究,分别建立集中式决策和分散式决策的资本投资决策模型,得出商品错放率对供应链上成员收益的影响。研究结果表明,企业通过对大数据的采用,可以有效减少商品的错放,进而可以降低对供应链上成员之间的收益影响,并且,分散式和集中式下的供应链企业可承担的大数据投资的成本阈值是一致的。在此基础上,文章设计了数量折扣定价策略,实现了分散式决策供应链投资大数据的协调,结果发现多个数量折扣合同有利于实现供应链之间的相互协调。     

基于供应链视角的电力企业激励机制研究

在对电力供应链物流内涵进行阐述的基础上,重点构建和分析了电力物流供应链成员环节激励机制模型,分别从两级电力物流供应链和一级电力物流供应链两个组成结构及其运作机制上,以整体收益最大化为目标研究和构建了其收益模型并进行了对比,研究结果显示一级电力物流供应链的整体收益情况要优于两级结构,这主要得益于一级结构具有的成本信息和市场需求信息的共享优势,在最后研究了一级电力物流供应链市场主体之间的利益分配与协调。     

销售商成本信息不对称下的两阶段供应链协调

以往的文章研究了由单个供应商和单个销售商组成的供应链协调问题,给出了双方合作时的供应链协调模型,这些都是以信息共享为基础,但是现实中信息不对称使得供应链协调模型的有效性受到了冲击。为避免这种现象的发生,论文在双方合作的基础上建立了供应链双方在需求信息不对称情形下的协调模型。该模型在供应链双方协商分享供应链利润的条件下,运用激励机制使销售商诚实申报成本信息,在实现供应链利润最大化的同时使供应链成员实现双赢。     

绿色供应链协调问题研究综述

绿色供应链管理是企业在资源的研发、制造、销售、使用及回收到废弃物利用等一系列生存活动中实现环境友好的重要工具,为了绿色供应链能更好的运作需要供应链成员之间的协调合作关系。绿色供应链协调的对象比较广泛,包括制造商与供应商等供应链上下游的企业之间和消费者,政府等绿色供应链的参与者。绿色供应链的有效协调时能够提高整条供应链的效率,因此本文对绿色供应链的协调问题的研究进行了相关的评述。     

允许缺货和延期支付条件下供应链协调研究

文章考虑了由一个制造商和一个零售商的分权供应链的协调问题。在零售商可以延期交货的情况下,把期权契约作为激励机制来促使零售商参与到协调模型中去。模型中订单量、信用期限和缺货需求作为决策变量,互相紧密联系共同促使供应链成员参与到协调契约中去。该模型研究表明,信用期权契约在允许延期交货的情况下能够实现供应链的协调。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.