“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化及社会影响

在后学院科学时代，科学研究更加普遍地与产业界、政府部门相结合，科学种类和性质变得日益庞杂，原有的学院科学家角色逐渐发生分化，形成了学院科学家、产业科学家和政府科学家等多元角色并存及相互转化的发展态势。深入探讨“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化趋势、动因及社会影响，有助于更好地理解新兴技术时代科技与社会的深度互动，为进一步优化科技治理、推进创新体系建设提供理论参考。     

科学商业情境下科学家创业过程研究——基于扎根理论的质性规律探讨

当前,科学家创业成为理论和实践关注热点。聚焦科学商业情境下科学家创业过程规律,通过扎根理论分析构建科学家创业过程模型。该模型将科学家创业过程划分为创业基础、组织生成和成长绩效3个阶段,包括科技成果、创业意愿、制度环境、技术禀赋、创业素质、价值放大、创业绩效7个关键要素。结果发现,科学家创业组织生成涉及4个核心环节：机会识别与获取、创新活动、公司治理、市场开拓;科学家创业对技术创新具有强烈偏好,科学家创业资源禀赋优势强于一般创业;科学家创业过程伴随着科技成果产业化同步进行,创业组织生成和现代公司治理是科学家创业成功的关键,其中发展策略和资本融资起到关键作用。     

基于MLP的绿色技术创新过程管理研究

多层次视角（Multi-level perspective，MLP）是将演化经济学与技术研究相结合分析新技术市场化问题的工具。基于MLP分析绿色技术创新过程阶段划分，运用社会网络分析法、模糊德尔菲法和模糊一致偏好关系对创新阶段进行识别。最后，以3D打印技术为例，验证基于MLP的绿色技术创新过程研究的科学性。结果表明：绿色技术创新过程可以划分为技术生态位、技术政体和社会技术地景3个阶段；技术政体可以分为技术政体的引入、构建和成熟3个时期。     

The arrival of the new

In this work we present a number of urn models in which, contrary to standard Pólya urns, the number of competing alternatives is not given from the outset but may increase with the arrival of innovations. We begin by describing a variant of Pólya urns, first introduced by Fred Hoppe, in which balls of previously non-existing colors are added with some (declining) probability. We then propose new variants in which the probability of the arrival of new colors is itself subject to adaptive change depending on the success of past innovations and discuss applications to evolutionary models of technologies and industries. We numerically simulate different specifications of these urns with adaptively changing mutation rate and show that they can account for complex patterns of evolution in which periods of exploration and innovation are followed by periods in which the dynamics of the system is driven by selection among a stable set of alternatives.     

A network approach to studying research propammes: mobilizing and coordinating public responses to hiv/aids

Based on the anahsis ofthe Medical and Public Health Research programme (Commis- sion of the European Communities), the paper shows how new scientific communities are created in response to the HIV/AIDS problem. W e anahze how actors are mobilized (three mobilization modes: public impetus, scientists 'initiative, scientists' initiative with public networking) and how their work is coordinated. We defend the hypothesis that these new scientific communities are flexible cooperation networks. In the case of AIDS research, there are onb a limited number o f network types (the data collection structure, the forum, the thematic partition with harmonization o f research practices, the starred around a central facilip). The coordination of these scientific cooperative networks passes through fixed and circulating intermediaries. The management of these intermediaries is a major activity for involved actors. Thus, our aim is not to study the wider social context, but to analyze networking in response to policy, initiatives.     

创新基因学视角下商业模式创新方法研究

现有对商业模式创新概念的界定尚不清晰，可行的研究模型也未建立，因此亟待研究方法上的突破。基于此，将创新基因学理论引入商业模式创新探究，借助多案例探索性研究方法，对商业模式创新基因学开展了深入分析，总结出一套适用于多领域的普适性商业模式创新方法。研究结果表明，商业模式创新基因学方法具有适用性和新颖性，可视化和可操作性较强，可为多领域商业模式创新提供新思路。     

Restructuring corporate r&d: from an autonomous to a linkage model

Since the mid-1980s, industrial R & D in the US has been going through major changes, i.e. a decline in industrial R&D expenditure and restructuring of centralized coqorate R&D laboratories. the autonomous model of rerearch, which has existed since World War Il, is being replaced by the linkage model in many leading corporate R&D laboratories. This paper presents the main features of both models, the reasons behind the retructuring, and the future implications of the linkage model. The findings of the paper are primarily based on 53 industrial with industrial scientists and managers; most of the changes are new and have not been examined in the literature. This paper draws the attention of scholars to recent changes in the management qf znnovatzon and sugests further study. The linkage model links scientists' research to the immediatt needs of business. However, it also decreases the likelihood of major breakthroughs occurring in technological in.innovation.     

Crude oil price volatility dynamics and the great recession

Using a very simple econometric framework, we identify two major changes in the dynamics of crude oil price volatility based on data from 1997 to 2017. More precisely, we model weekly West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price realized volatility in a two-regime setting, one where realized volatility evolves as a plain autoregressive (AR) process (static), and the other where the level, persistence and innovation volatility of the AR process are subject to changes (dynamic). We use a Markov chain to model the probability that the process is in the static regime. The post Great Recession period sees a longer duration of the dynamic regime as well as smaller changes in the level and conditional volatility of realized volatility when switching actually occurs. Crude oil volatility also responds more aggressively to changes in economic variables, such as the t-bill rate and equity market volatility in the dynamic regime.     

Management and the representative firm revisited: the modern significance of Marshall's evolutionary economics

In an essay written in honour of Peter Swann, it is second nature to discuss some aspects of the economics of innovation, as that is the very challenging area of economic life where he has added so much to our understanding. I will attempt to do this by posing the problem of how innovation fits into the theory of value. Innovation research continues apace, but its broader systemic implications for how we understand the dynamics of capitalism are in danger of being overlooked. But two important economists, Schumpeter and Marshall, have seen the problem differently and built innovation into their theoretical schemes from the start. Marshall's theory of evolutionary change provides a natural focus for our discussion, and this is reflected in his treatment of management, in his use of the representative firm and in the variation-cum-selection dynamics of his open competitive process. We treat each of these topics and show how his evolutionary dynamics can be expressed in the Fisher/Price dynamics of evolutionary change. More generally, the key to economic development is the uneven nature of innovation and it is the uneven nature that gives economic transformation its evolutionary character. This, I suggest, is the proper legacy of Marshalls economics.     

A dynamic Nelson-Siegel yield curve model with Markov switching

This paper proposes a model to better capture persistent regime changes in the interest rates of the US term structure. While the previous literature on this matter proposes that regime changes in the term structure are due to persistent changes in the conditional mean and volatility of interest rates we find that changes in a single parameter that determines the factor loadings of the model better captures regime changes. We show that this model gives superior in-sample forecasting performance as compared to a baseline model and a volatility-switching model. In general, we find compelling evidence that the extracted factors from our term structure models are closely related with various economic variables. Furthermore, we investigate and find evidence that the effects of macroeconomic phenomena such as monetary policy, inflation expectations, and real economic activity differ according to the particular regime realized for the term structure. In particular, we identify the periods where monetary policy appears to have a greater effect on the yield curve, and the periods where inflation expectations seem to have a greater effect in yield determination. We also find convincing evidence of a relationship between the regimes estimated by the various switching models with economic activity and monetary policy.     

中国自主创新思想研究的历史视角

一直以来,关于我国自主创新的研究,其着眼点在于解决现实的具体问题以及引导创新政策的走向,缺乏从历史的视角对我国自主创新思想展开思考与探索。近代以来,我国出现了许多勇于实践创新和善于思考总结的著名工程技术科学家,这些科学家以及他们的创新实践是我国自主创新思想的历史承载。在历史视角下对我国自主创新思想进行研究,注重对具有代表性的工程技术科学家的创新历程与创新思想的梳理,可以使我国自主创新思想的研究进一步深入,也可以丰富我国技术哲学研究的理论基础。     

企业基础研究对技术创新绩效的影响：来自中国生物制药企业的分析

基础研究可以为企业带来大量新颖性知识,是企业提升原始创新能力、构建竞争优势的重要支撑。基于知识理论,分析企业基础研究广度和深度对技术创新绩效的影响,并考察企业桥接科学家的中介作用及知识整合能力的调节效应。在此基础上,利用2009—2019年科学导向型中国生物制药行业80家企业专利申请和SCI论文发表数据进行实证检验。结果表明：企业基础研究广度对技术创新绩效具有正向影响,而基础研究深度与技术创新绩效之间呈现倒U型关系;企业桥接科学家在基础研究广度、深度与技术创新绩效之间发挥部分中介作用。同时,企业技术知识整合能力可以强化基础研究广度与技术创新绩效间的正向关系,削弱基础研究深度与技术创新绩效间的倒U型关系。     

Endogenous growth cycles with financial intermediaries and entrepreneurial innovation

This study analyzes the effects of financial intermediaries’ activities on economic fluctuations in a model of endogenous innovation cycles. In the model, I consider an economy in which entrepreneurs and financial intermediaries engage in their respective innovative activities. Entrepreneurs can invent new products and raise funds for their invention from financial intermediaries and if their invention is successful, they can produce new products. Only financial intermediaries can evaluate entrepreneurial ideas regarding their new products. Moreover, they can invest their capital to improve information about the entrepreneurial ideas and thus, meet successful entrepreneurs with a higher probability. I show that when an economy does not accumulate enough capital, and the level of financial innovation is not sufficiently high, the economy is trapped in a no-entrepreneurial innovation regime. I also show that when the financial innovation slightly develops, the economy fluctuates between the no-entrepreneurial innovation and entrepreneurial innovation regimes.     

Temporary bubbles

This article studies the dynamics of an overlapping generations model with capital, money and cash-in-advance constraints. The economy can exhibit two different regimes. In the first one, the cash-in-advance constraint is binding and money is a dominated asset. In the second one, the constraint is strictly satisfied and money has the same return as capital. When the second regime holds on a finite number of periods, we say that the economy experiences a temporary bubble. We prove that temporary bubbles can exist in an economy, which would experience under-accumulation without money. We also show that cyclical bubbles may occur.     

SLOW DEVELOPMENT AND SPECIAL INTERESTS*

This article argues that a natural implication of an innovation‐based theory of growth is that slow development facilitates the formation of special interest groups. We demonstrate this in a growth model where innovations take the form of new goods and new production processes, and where factor suppliers in individual industries can organize to form rent‐extracting special interest groups. We then examine the effect these groups have on an economy's subsequent development. We find that these groups can retard an economy's development for extended periods, but not permanently. Their long‐run effect is to increase the volatility of the development process.     

明星科学家在创新活动中的作用:一个文献综述

明星科学家在创新活动中的重要作用尤其是作用机制受到国外学者的日益重视和广泛关注。通过对国外相关文献进行系统梳理和深入研究，发现明星科学家可以通过“雇中学”、身份效应、桥梁效应、产学研合作和同群效应在创新活动中发挥重要作用。如何更加充分发挥明星科学家的作用，从而解决当前创新资源分散、封闭、缺乏整合的问题，以及真正提升企业人力资本水平和创新能力并构建推动企业创新的长效机制，是今后学术研究和政策层面需要重点考虑的问题。     

Strategic niche management of social innovations: the case of social entrepreneurship

Strategic niche management (SNM), a tool to understand and manage radical socio-technical innovations and facilitate their diffusion, has always departed from a technical artefact. Many radical innovations, however, do not revolve around such an artefact. Social entrepreneurship is a new business model that combines a social goal with a business mentality and is heralded as an important new way to create social value such as sustainability. This study examines if and how SNM can be applied to such a social innovation. It identifies theoretical and practical limitations and proposes solutions. The main conclusion is that SNM can be used to analyse radical social innovation, although it requires rethinking the initial entry point for research and management. Exemplifying quotes are proposed as an alternative. Second, this paper suggests using values to describe niche–regime interaction as a better way to anticipate future niche–regime interactions.     

Editorial

This paper presents an overview of issues for future research. as identified by the papers appearing in the Special Issue on Innovation in Telecommunications. To this end. we elaborate upon the emergence of a new innovation regime in telecommunications, discuss the performance and sustainability of this new innovation regime, and reflect upon institutional choices for the regime and accompanying policy options. Further research on innovation in telecommunications is advocated, taking up a broad range of issues, including long-term industrial evolution and sustainability concerns in a wide sense.     

院士(候选人)独董能促进企业创新吗——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文首次考察了两院院士及其候选人担任独立董事发挥的治理职能和对企业创新的影响。研究发现：（1）院士（候选人）独立董事与企业创新显著正相关，控制企业个体效应、倾向得分匹配法（PSM）和Heckman两阶段法等一系列稳健性检验后该结论依然成立。（2）院士（候选人）独董的任期越长、兼职公司数量越多，对企业创新的促进作用越好，女性院士（候选人）独董可以更好地促进企业创新，但具有海归经历的院士（候选人）并没有更有效地发挥作用。（3）影响渠道检验结果表明，一方面，战略风格越保守、管理层短视程度越严重的公司聘请院士（候选人）独董对企业创新的促进作用越大，表明院士（候选人）独董可以通过战略咨询有效缓解保守战略和管理层短视对企业创新的制约作用；另一方面，院士（候选人）独董发挥了“桥梁科学家”作用，增加了企业未来两年建立院士工作站的可能性，从而促进了企业的产学研合作和技术创新。（4）与其他公司治理变量的交叉影响分析发现，院士及其候选人在非国有企业、股权结构集中、机构投资者持股比例高和高管不持股的公司中更能发挥促进创新的作用。本文对于充分发挥顶尖科学家作用以及推动企业创新与国家创新体系的构建具有参考价值。     

独占机制对创新绩效的影响:知识泄露与竞争对手吸收能力的调节效应

独占机制与知识泄露在企业创新活动中的重要作用日益受到关注。基于问卷调研数据,通过实证手段分析企业独占性机制对创新绩效的影响,及竞争对手吸收能力和知识泄露在其中的调节作用。研究发现：企业独占机制对创新绩效有显著正向影响,知识泄露和竞争对手吸收能力在企业独占性机制对创新绩效影响过程中分别起负向和正向调节作用。研究结论既可帮助企业重视独占机制和竞争对手吸收能力带来的创新效应,也可帮助企业通过有效规避或降低知识泄露风险提升创新绩效。