金融危机传导过程与机制研究:一个美国样本

本文在总结金融危机传导机制的基础上,从国内与国外两个角度分析了美国金融危机如何从房地产市场传导至信贷市场、从信贷市场传导至资本市场、由金融市场传导至实体经济、由国内传导至全球的路径.最后得出简要结论.     

美国次贷危机传导机理分析

美国次贷危机爆发后,迅速在国内和国际传导蔓延。从国内看,危机先从信贷市场传导至资本市场,又从资本市场回传到信贷市场,并对实体经济造成冲击。从国际看,危机通过金融渠道、贸易渠道和心理渠道向世界各国扩散。分析本次危机的传导机理,对日后有效防范金融危机的产生和蔓延具有理论和现实意义。     

流动性冲击与金融危机传染

本文从流动性的角度分析了美国金融危机的传染机制.把流动性划分为资金流动性、市场流动性和货币流动性,阐述流动性的扩张和收缩与金融危机的相互联系.重点分析流动性与金融危机纵向和横向传染的四条机制,包括银行同业市场中流动性危机的传染、信贷市场和资本市场间的相互传导、预期传染和心理恐慌以及跨国溢出与挤出.文章进一步对流动性的国内和国际监管及流动性危机的救助与防范提出了相关建议.     

我国货币政策信贷传导渠道的实证分析

为应对围际金融危机的挑战和解决国内经济运行中的突出矛盾,我国的货币政策已发生了根本性的转变,即从偏紧缩的政策转为促进经济增长的适度宽松的政策.本文通过采用向量自回归模型、冲击反应分析和预期误差项方差分解等方法,发现信贷传导渠道是我国货币政策的重要传导渠道,并且信贷传导渠道具有有效性.     

金融危机对经济影响的文献综述

当前,发端于美国次贷市场的金融危机愈演愈烈,呈现出由虚拟经济向实体经济渗透,由发达国家向新兴发展中国家扩散的特点。本文综述金融危机的发生机理,国内扩散机制和国际传导路径,厘清金融危机的产生原因,传导过程和对实体经济影响程度,引用政府、学者和民间观点概述金融危机对我国、我省的影响。     

次贷危机的双向传导效应——基于资产证券化的研究

次贷危机发端于基准利率上升背景下美国房地产价格的下跌,但却通过资产证券化产品传导扩散至整个金融体系。一方面,次级抵押贷款违约率上升使危机从信贷市场转移至资本市场。另一方面,商业银行直接或间接地购买了大量次级抵押贷款支持证券又使资本市场的危机积累到一定程度后反馈传导回信贷市场。危机正是在这样一个双向传导效应的刺激下不断放大,从而使局部风险最后演变为系统性危机。     

我国货币政策利率传导机制的有效性研究

本文通过协整分析和方差分解,对1996年1季度至2013年2季度的货币政策利率传导途径及效果进行了分析。实证部分将我国货币政策利率传导途径分成两步：第一步是货币政策到信贷市场的传导,第二步是信贷市场到实际产出的传导;同时,采用分段计量的方法比较三个时段货币政策利率传导的效应。由此得出结论：无论是货币政策到信贷市场的传导还是信贷市场到实际产出的传导,都显现了“第二时段的传导存在偏差、第三时段重回正轨,传导效率下降又逐步扭转”的特征。我们对其成因进行了分析,以期为进一步推进利率市场化改革提供一些思路和建议。     

美国金融危机问题研究：演进、成因及启示

美国金融危机引发全球金融市场动荡。这场金融危机从美国的房地产市场开始,以惊人的速度蔓延,波及至信贷市场、资本市场,对全球尤其是西方金融机构和金融市场造成重大冲击,短期内升级为全球金融风暴。我国目前正处于资产价格上涨、信贷投放过度的经济环境之中,美国的金融危机给我国敲响了警钟。本文通过描述此次危机的发展脉络,在分析美国金融危机背景的基础之上,从强化房地产按揭贷款业务风险管理,审慎推进资产证券化等六个方面得出了对我国的警示。     

危机中坚持做最好的自己

2008年以来,全球经历了一场前所未有的金融危机,其波及范围之广、影响程度之深、冲击强度之大为20世纪30年代以来所罕见.在过去两年里,由美国次贷危机引发的金融危机穿透资本市场、货币市场和信贷市场,从金融领域扩散到了实体经济领域,从局部发展到全球,给世界各国经济发展和人民生活带来了严重影响.受全球金融危机的影响,国内银行面临着很大的风险和压力,银行信用卡业务也面临着严峻的市场挑战.信用卡坏账和风险增加,跨国银行卡公司对国内信用卡市场的争夺更为激烈,因经济景气程度降低造成社会消费意愿下降,信用卡交易增速放缓.     

信贷市场货币政策传导机制的实证分析

本文使用中国2001年1月-2005年5月月度数据,运用单位根检验、回归分析、协整分析等计量方法对我国信贷市场货币政策传导机制进行了实证分析。实证结果发现:在从中央银行货币政策到信贷市场的传导过程中,货币供应量与金融机构贷款总量之间存在稳定的均衡关系,利率与金融机构贷款总量之间不存在稳定的均衡关系;M0、M1对信贷市场贷款有显著的正相关影响;从信贷市场到货币政策最终目标的传导过程中,金融机构贷款对居民消费行为有显著的正相关影响。     

次贷危机对我国沿海地区经贸影响探析——以粤苏浙三省为例

经济全球化中的任何一个经济体都无法独善其身,美国次贷危机对我国的影响不容小觑,特别是开放程度较高、与对外经贸交流频繁的粤苏浙沿海三省更具代表性。本文分析危机传导的机理,即危机从起初的信贷市场扩散到金融市场,再从金融市场影响至实体经济,进而通过国际贸易传导到这些地区对外贸易行业。并着重从外部需求减少及美元贬值两方面分析影响,提出若干应对策略。     

美国次贷危机的演变趋势及其启示

次贷危机对美国乃至全球金融市场都产生了深刻的影响.次贷危机经历了从美国到全球金融市场,从次级贷款市场到整个货币市场与资本市场的演变.次贷危机的直接原因是房地产泡沫的破灭,其深层次的原因是错误的货币政策、高估的信用评级以及贷款标准的放松.为防范房地产市场的金融风险,必须严格贷款的审查标准,减少证券化中的信息不对称现象,加强对非银行金融机构的监管,并将资产价格纳入货币政策的监控体系.     

金融体系顺周期性与金融危机的发展演变关系研究

金融体系中的顺周期效应是导致金融体系内在不稳定性的重要原因,也是造成金融危机的根源之一.本文对金融体系中的顺周期现象进行了系统性的分析,认为不仅在信贷市场上存在顺周期效应,资本市场同样也存在顺周期效应,且两者之间存在紧密的相互促进作用,通过金融加速器、财富效应等传导至实体经济,放大经济波动周期.本文随后在顺周期的框架下探讨了金融危机的形成及发展、演变机制,并以美国次贷危机为实例加以验证.     

The determinants of vulnerability to the global financial crisis 2008 to 2009: Credit growth and other sources of risk

In this paper, we identify initial macroeconomic and financial market conditions that help explain the distinct response of the real economy of a particular country to the recent global financial crisis. Using four measures of crisis severity, we examine a data set with over 90 potential explanatory factors employing techniques that are robust to model uncertainty. Four findings are of particular note. First, we find empirical evidence for the pivotal role of pre-crisis credit growth in shaping the real economy's response to the crisis. Specifically, a 1% increase in pre-crisis lending translates into a 0.2% increase in the cumulative loss in real output. Moreover, the combination of pronounced growth in lending ahead of the crisis and the country's exposure to external funding from advanced economies is shown to intensify the real downturn. Economies with booming real activity before the crisis are found to be less resilient to the global shock. Buoyant growth in real GDP in parallel with strong growth of credit particularly exacerbated the effects of the recent crisis on the real economy. Finally, we provide empirical evidence on the importance of holding international reserves in explaining the response of the real economy to the crisis. The accumulation of international reserves mitigated the harmful effects of financial stress on the real economy, in particular when domestic funding via credit is abundant. The results are shown to be robust to several estimation techniques, including those allowing for cross-country spillovers.     

From Wall Street to Main Street: The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Consumer Credit Supply

How did the collapse of the asset‐backed securities (ABS) market during the 2007 to 2009 financial crisis affect the supply of credit to the broader economy? Using new data on the U.S. credit union industry, we find that ABS‐related losses are associated with a large contraction in the supply of credit to consumers, especially among those credit unions that began the crisis with weaker capitalization. We also find that this credit supply shock restricted the availability of mortgage and automobile credit. These results show how movements in the prices of financial assets can affect the real economy.     

中国金融周期与横向关联:时空双维度相结合视角

宏观审慎政策关注各金融子市场在时间维度上的金融周期和空间维度上的横向关联。本文结合时间维度与空间维度视角,使用股票市场、货币市场、房地产市场以及信贷市场的数据,测算2001—2019年中国金融周期和横向关联的波动特征、作用关系与频域叠加机理。研究结果表明:时间维度金融周期与空间维度横向关联的波动趋势具有一致性。我国金融周期长度约为10.33年,横向关联波动周期的长度约为10.58年。从作用关系上看,首先,我国房地产周期达到波峰后,会对股票市场和信贷市场产生较强的溢出效应。随后,股市周期达到波峰后,会向房地产市场和信贷市场产生较强的溢出效应。最后,我国信贷市场接受股票市场和房地产市场溢出后,信贷周期会逐渐达到波峰。从频域叠加机理的角度看,我国金融子市场间横向关联的波动主要由中低频波段驱动,中低频波段横向关联的持续期在2个月以上。     

Transmission of the U.S. subprime crisis to emerging markets: Evidence on the decoupling–recoupling hypothesis

We find that emerging markets appeared to be somewhat insulated from developments in U.S. financial markets from early 2007 to summer 2008. From that point on, however, emerging markets responded very strongly to the deteriorating situation in the U.S. financial system and real economy. Our regression “event study,” focusing on 15 types of news, indicates that a range of financial and real economic news emanating from the US had statistically and economically large impacts on 14 emerging markets and several news events uniformly moved markets. Policy measures taken in emerging markets to insulate themselves from global financial developments proved inadequate in the face of the credit crunch and decline in international trade that followed the Lehman bankruptcy in September 2008.     

Bailout uncertainty in a microfounded general equilibrium model of the financial system

This paper develops a micro-founded general equilibrium model of the financial system composed of ultimate borrowers, ultimate lenders and financial intermediaries. The model is used to investigate the impact of uncertainty about the likelihood of governmental bailouts on leverage, interest rates, the volume of defaults and the real economy. The distinction between risk and uncertainty is implemented by applying the multiple priors framework to beliefs about the probability of bailout.Results of the analysis include: (i) An unanticipated increase in bailout uncertainty raises interest rates, the volume of defaults in both the real and financial sectors and may lead to a total drying up of credit markets. (ii) Lower exante bailout uncertainty is conducive to higher leverage, which in turn raises moral hazard and makes the economy more vulnerable to expost increases in bailout uncertainty. (iii) Bailout uncertainty affects the likelihood of bubbles, the amplitude of booms and busts as well as the banking and the credit spreads. (iv) Higher bailout uncertainty is associated with higher returns’ variability in diversified portfolios and higher systemic risks, (v) Pre-crisis expansionary monetary policy reinforces those effects by inducing higher aggregate leverage levels. (vi) The larger the change in bailout uncertainty and the change in aversion to this uncertainty, the stronger the pre-crisis buildup and the deeper the ensuing crisis.A central policy implication of the analysis is that the vaguest is bailout policy prior to a crisis, the lower is the magnitude of investments destroyed or missed due to errors in evaluating bailout and other intervention policies. On the other hand, the clearer is bailout policy upon the eruption of a crisis, the smaller the contraction of credit and the destruction of investment activity.     

Financial contagion and the real economy

This paper studies the spread of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 from the financial sector to the real economy by examining ten sectors in 25 major developed and emerging stock markets. The analysis tests different channels of financial contagion across countries and sectors and finds that the crisis led to an increased co-movement of returns among financial sector stocks across countries and between financial sector stocks and real economy stocks. The results demonstrate that no country and sector was immune to the adverse effects of the crisis limiting the effectiveness of portfolio diversification. However, there is clear evidence that some sectors in particular Healthcare, Telecommunications and Technology were less severely affected by the crisis.