A macroeconomic model of direct investment in foreign affiliates of Japanese firms

This paper analyses the operations of the Japanese multinational corporations in the world economy by constructing and estimating a Japanese foreign direct investment system. This system models the determinants of manufacturing foreign direct investment (FDI), the trade between Japan and her overseas affiliates as well as the sales of the manufacturing subsidiaries and those of the trading subsidiaries. The error-correction modelling techniques are adopted for estimation in order to capture both the short- and long-run adjustment processes. Finally, simulations are conducted on the model to analyse the effects of changes in the world economy.     

长三角地区吸引外国直接投资的引资竞争分析

文章对中国吸引外商直接投资(FD I)的典型地区—长三角的引资竞争进行分析。首先,利用长三角地区FD I流入的相关数据,深入分析了该地区引资竞争概况,指出从吸引外资总额与实际利用外资额上看,长三角地区自改革开发以来到20世纪90年代一直保持了良好的增长势头,但在2004年由于各种原因出现了普遍的下降。从外商投资方式来看,外商独资经营方式己在长三角地区占据主导地位,合资经营与合作经营方式己逐渐退居二线。随后,本文对长三角外商直接投资区位变迁从引资竞争上进行了理论上的分析,认为这种竞争会带来两种效应———积极效应与消极效应。针对过度引资竞争所导致的问题给出了两点政策建议:a.引资竞争措施应从单纯政策优惠转向投资环境竞争力提升;b.引资竞争要发挥比较优势,实现优势互补、走向竞合。     

中国三大都市圈利用外商直接投资的相对规模——市场经济体制转型以来的比较研究

本文采用联合国贸易和发展会议关于外商直接投资(FDI)的相对规模指标,测算了1992年我国市场经济体制转型以来,首都圈、长三角及珠三角这三大都市圈FDI流入量占固定资产形成总额的比例、FDI存量与GDP的比值、人均FDI流入量等利用FDI的相对规模水平,并与全国及世界水平进行了比较。研究表明,三大都市圈利用FDI的相对规模水平总体而言高于全国水平;以相对规模指标衡量,珠三角FDI在经济总量和投资中的地位较长三角和首都圈更为重要;与珠三角和长三角相比,首都圈FDI在其经济总量和投资中的地位尚不突出;在世界范围以人均FDI流入量考量,三大都市圈需进一步扩大利用FDI的规模。     

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ZIMBABWE: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS

The purpose of our research is to examine the impact of property rights on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Zimbabwe for the period 1964‐2005. While the macroeconomic determinants of FDI have been analysed to a considerable extent in past empirical work, the role of institutional factors such as the protection of property rights and the efficiency of the legal system has been underexplored. Using a multivariate cointegration framework, we use a newly constructed de jure property rights index for Zimbabwe to determine the impact of property rights on FDI. The empirical evidence shows that property rights are consistently an important explanatory variable of FDI in Zimbabwe, even after controlling for periods when there are no significant new foreign capital inflows. Other significant explanatory variables of FDI in Zimbabwe are the real gross domestic product (GDP), capital intensity, the external debt to GDP ratio, political instability as well as the educational levels.     

南南型区域经济一体化能否促进FDI流入?——中国-东盟自由贸易区引资效应分析

随着区域经济一体化程度的加深,发展中国家逐渐将吸引FDI作为参与区域经济一体化的主要目标。本文以古诺数量竞争模型为基础构建了一个三国模型,指出区内贸易壁垒下降可以促进跳过关税型投资和重组性平台投资。通过对中国、东盟地区1992年——2004年FDI影响因素进行检验,指出市场规模、进口额、工资水平、对区内市场的开放程度等因素对FDI流入有影响。中国一东盟自由贸易区通过影响上述因素而提高区位优势,促进区内FDI流入的整体水平,同时中国相对于东盟国家的优势可以使一体化条件下厂商增加在中国的重组性投资。     

中印两国利用外国直接投资比较——基于美国直接投资流入的视角

本文从美国直接投资流入中印两国的现状、对中印两国的影响及影响美国直接投资流入的因素等三方面,对中印两国利用外国直接投资进行了比较研究。     

Has China Crowded out Foreign Direct Investment from Its Developing East Asian Neighbors？

This paper applies a gravity model to investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in East Asia. Economic fundamentals, such as market size, per capita income and country risk indicators, economic and cultural ties, exchange rate volatilities and information asymmetry are found to be important determinants for FDI. Globally, the inward FDI among high-income OECD economies declined significantly on average over the period of 1990-2003, whereas the inward FDI of the high-income OECD economies in emerging market economies gained substantially. In the East Asian region, the ASEAN-4 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand) received above-average inward FDI from the high-income OECD economies after controlling for their economic fundamentals. By contrast, China's FDI from the high-income OECD economies is below average relative to its economic fundamentals. Therefore, it is difficult to establish that China has crowded out FDI from its developing ASEAN neighbors.     

加工贸易、FDI与中国国际收支不平衡

自1994年我国实行汇率并轨制度以来,中国国际收支一直面临着经常项目与资本和金融项目双顺差的结构,产生这种结构的原因是多方面的,本文从以加工贸易为主的贸易特征和由于对外资优惠而吸收的大规模外商直接投资(FDI)这两方面入手,分析他们对中国国际收支不平衡产生的影响。     

FDI对我国城乡居民收入差距影响的实证分析

外商直接投资,即FDI,对于促进我国经济发展、经济技术水平的提升有着非常显著的作用。本文以我国大陆1993～2008年期间时间序列数据作为研究样本,实证分析了外商直接投资对我国城乡居民收入差距的具体影响,扩大了中国的城乡收入差距。     

Structure of Firm Location Choices: An Examination of Japanese Greenfield Investment in China*

This paper presents an empirical investigation of the location decision structure of Japanese investors in China. In this study, a nested logit model and rich Japanese firm‐level greenfield manufacturing foreign direct investment data are calibrated together. This examination is not only driven by the unsatisfactory model specification of the conditional logit model in previous location choice analyses, specifically the violation of the independence from irrelevant alternatives assumption; but is also driven by the urgent need to better understand foreign investors’ in general and Japanese investors’ in particular location decision structure in China. Two potential hierarchical and sequential location decision‐making structures of Japanese investors are then tested, which are respectively in line with the spatial divide of China's FDI preferential policies and with China's six traditional census areas.     

跨国公司FDI和产业升级：来自广东和江苏比较研究

本文从外资的资本供给和技术外溢的角度来分析外商直接投资促进东道国经济增长并进而促进产业结构升级作用机理,在此基础上利用广东和江苏的数据进行了实证研究。结果表明：（1）FDI和产业升级存在较大相关性,但广东FDI对产业的直接推动作用比较好,而江苏省主要集中在第二产业,对第一、三产业,FDI并不存在直接的推动作用。（2）产业和FDI之间的相互作用表明在产业升级过程中确实存在跨国公司和东道国不断选择的过程,实际上就是ESP范式和OIL系统的不断协调过程。     

The Determinants and Motivations of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment: A Spatial Gravity Model Approach

Abstract

The study attempts to investigate the features and determinants of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) into 138 countries and Chinese firms' investment strategies over the 2003–2009 period using an augmented gravity model with spatial linkages. The respective evaluations of China's OFDI are indicative of the important role played by non-financial OFDI. At the same time, Chinese firms prefer to invest in high-tech industries in developed countries while also focusing on the extraction of natural resources around the world. The empirical findings show that the host country's economic size has a significantly positive effect in terms of promoting Chinese OFDI. Chinese firms favour a complex-vertical platform in the developed countries while they prefer a market potential foreign direct investment (FDI) surrounding the host developing countries and an export-platform FDI in the petroleum exporting countries based on the surrounding market potential effect and spatial effect. The fuel extraction motive plays a key role in China's OFDI in line with the realities of Chinese FDI strategies in recent years.     

Promoting exports: the role of inward FDI in China

Since the late 1970s, exports and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in China have risen dramatically under the open-door policy. The critical role of FDI in China's exports may be indicated by the fact that exports by foreign affiliates in China in 1998 were US$81 billion, comprising 44% of China's total exports in that year. While there is considerable evidence on the FDI export linkage in China, systematically empirical analyses have been limited. This paper investigates the issue using panel data at the provincial level in the period of 1986–1997. The findings support the widely held belief that increased levels of FDI positively affect provincial manufacturing export performance.     

Investigation of the “China effect” on crowding out of Japanese FDI: An industry-level analysis (1990–2004)

This paper applies a dynamic panel model to investigate whether China is crowding out Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) from other economies of Asia. We examined this with industry-level data on Japanese FDI flows into Asian economies. In order to deal with possible problems of serial correlation and endogeneity, we estimated coefficients using a difference and system generalized method of moments to examine the “China effect” on industries. We found a significantly high degree of crowding out effect by China on its Asian counterparts. Among twelve industries, a crowding out effect was found in nine industries, including electrical &; electronics—the biggest industry for Japanese FDI. However, a complementary effect was found in two industries, one of them being transport, which is the second biggest industry for Japanese FDI. We conclude that while China's rise is a prominent threat for the region, it could be transformed into an opportunity in vertically fragmented industries.     

我国上市公司使用外商直接投资的绩效研究

针对近年来中国利用外商直接投资的规模不断扩大和速度增长快速的现状,研究外商直接投资的流入对公司层面的绩效的作用。本文将从中国上市公司总体中随机选取75个上市公司为研究样本,通过构建衡量公司绩效的财务指标体系,运用因子分析法研究FDI对公司具体绩效的影响。最后,本文得出外商直接投资对公司的整体绩效,尤其是在运营方面,有着明显提高效应的分析结论。     

外商直接投资对我国产业结构升级的羁绊和纠正途径

本文着重研究外商直接投资对我国产业结构升级的负面影响,首先简要介绍了我国目前吸引外商直接投资的规模和现状,然后重点阐述了其对中国产业结构升级带来的羁绊:外商直接投资在三次产业之间分布不合理,在三次产业各自内部分布不合理和在我国区域分布不合理。最后针对此种状况提出应对策略。     

外商直接投资对安徽经济发展的影响及对策

外商直接投资对带动区域经济的发展具有重要作用。改革开放以来，安徽省在吸收和利用外商直接投资方面取得显著成效。文章概述了安徽外商直接投资的发展历程及特点，并运用EVIEWS软件对外商直接投资促进安徽经济发展作了实证分析。同时指出安徽在利用外商直接投资方面所存在的问题，并提出相应的对策建议。     

Does an upper limit on foreign direct investment matter?: The case of Taiwan

In this paper, we present a partial least squares (PLS) path model developed to investigate foreign direct investment (FDI) by Taiwan in China. The main purpose of the study is to answer the question, “Has the Taiwanese government's upper limit on investments interfered with Taiwanese firms’ decisions about whether to undertake FDI in China?” The question was answered by testing six hypotheses derived from the model. Using data on Taiwanese manufacturing firms from the Integrated Circuit industry for the years 1998–2007, we found no significant evidence supporting the effectiveness of the upper limit. The most influential of the model's five determinants of Taiwan's FDI in China are factors specific to individual firms. The second most influential is the macroeconomic environment of the host country. Previous studies have paid little attention to the parent country when analyzing FDI, a deficiency we remedied in the present study. Our study reflects an integrated perspective on the FDI literature by including the host country, the parent country, and firm-specific factors as determinants of FDI.     

Labor Quality and Inward FDI： A Firm-level Empirical Study in China

This paper investigates the relationship between labor quality and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) distribution in China using a large sample of Chinese cross‐sectional, firm‐level data, with comprehensive information about labor quality. The paper finds that labor quality measured by education level plays an important role in deciding the distribution of inward FDI, but labor quality measured by working certificates loses its significance using non‐parametric matching techniques and the instrumental variables and generalized method of moments technique. The author also finds that labor quality has a more significant impact on other foreign investments than Hong Kong‐invested, Macau‐invested and Taiwan‐invested firms. The impacts of labor quality on inward FDI are found to be strongly uneven across industries and provinces. Therefore, China should pay more attention to the education of employees in all foreign‐invested firms, and invest more in education to improve labor quality, which will help China to attract more FDI, especially technology‐intensive FDI.     

人民币汇率变动对中国FDI流入的影响

本文结合人民币汇率与外商直接投资,利用我国1985-2011年省级面板数据,实证分析了人民币汇率变动对中国FDI流入的影响。研究结果表明:1地理位置对我国FDI的流入产生显著的正向效应。沿海省份具有相对的地理位置优势,更容易吸引外商直接投资;2场规模与市场潜力对吸收外商直接投资具有显著的正向促进作用。市场规模和市场潜力越大,FDI流入越多;3劳动力成本与外商直接投资呈显著地负向关系。劳动力成本越低,越能吸引更多的外资直接投资;4实际有效汇率对FDI流入产生显著地正向效应。实际有效汇率升高,本币贬值,更容易吸引外商直接投资。