中国银行小微贷款决策的非理性行为实验研究

银行小微贷款决策属于信息不完全条件下的不确定型决策,现代行为金融理论认为,人们往往由于认知偏差导致决策偏差,出现系统性的非理性行为.本文运用实验研究方法,对我国银行小微贷款决策者的三种非理性行为(损失厌恶、框架效应、心理账户)进行了验证,并进一步研究了性别、年龄、认知需求、决策方式等要素对非理性行为出现概率的影响.实验结果表明:(1)损失厌恶、框架效应在我国银行小微贷款决策者的决策行为中存在,但心理账户效应不显著;(2)就“损失厌恶”效应而言,男性、年轻人更易出现面对损失时的风险寻求,先个体后集体的决策方式能较好地避免这一现象;(3)就“框架效应”而言,女性和认知需求低的人显示框架效应的概率更高,而年龄对框架效应的影响不显著.     

ESG表现对企业盈余管理的影响效应研究

文章基于ESG表现与各维度表现、媒体关注及产权和行业异质性视角,分析了ESG表现与企业盈余管理的关系。研究对象为2011—2020年A股上市公司,并选择固定效应模型进行回归分析,同时进行产权和行业的异质性检验、中介效应检验,并通过缩尾处理、替换检验方法、增加控制变量进行稳健性检验。结果表明：ESG表现抑制了企业的盈余管理行为,其中环境与社会表现影响效应显著;国有企业与非重污染行业企业中,ESG表现对盈余管理的影响效应更加显著;媒体关注在ESG表现与企业盈余管理关系中起部分中介作用。文章基于媒体关注新视角,补充了ESG表现及盈余管理相关研究,并对企业重视ESG表现及抑制不规范的盈余管理提供了建议。     

道德解脱和惩罚知觉对伦理决策的影响

道德解脱和惩罚知觉是管理者伦理决策中的脱离机制和约束机制,文章通过有调节作用的中介关系模型,分析了道德解脱和惩罚知觉对管理者伦理决策过程的影响,比较了组织有利和组织有害伦理决策中,管理者在伦理判断和伦理行为意向上的差异。结果表明道德解脱是管理者伦理判断的重要前因变量,惩罚知觉和伦理判断及其交互项都会对伦理行为意向产生影响,惩罚知觉在管理者伦理判断低时效应更明显;此外,管理者在组织有利情境下的伦理判断和伦理行为意向要显著低于组织有害情境。本研究对理解管理者伦理决策的潜在心理过程有积极贡献。     

伦理问题、道德强度与供应商伦理管理

供应商的伦理问题涉及人权、环境、多样化、慈善与安全等方面,不同伦理问题的道德强度不同,企业决策者对供应商不同伦理问题的重视程度也不同。运用层次分析法,给出道德强度的结果严重度、社会共识、结果发生可能性、时间急迫性、接近性、结果集中度等六个维度的相对权重,根据道德强度各维度的相对重要性,对供应商不同的伦理权重进行排序。     

同事非伦理行为对员工离职倾向的影响：一个有调节的中介模型

文章从伦理道德视角出发,通过研究之前学者所忽视的同事非伦理行为对员工离职倾向的影响,丰富了员工离职倾向的前因研究。基于社会比较理论,本文探究员工分配公平感在同事非伦理行为影响员工离职倾向过程中的中介作用,并考察员工自身非伦理行为对以上关系的调节作用。通过对271名企业员工开展两轮配对问卷调查,统计分析结果表明：（1）员工分配感在同事非伦理行为与员工离职倾向之间起完全中介作用;（2）员工非伦理行为显著调节了同事非伦理行为与员工分配公平感之间的关系;（3）员工非伦理行为显著调节了分配公平感在同事非伦理行为与员工离职倾向之间的中介作用。     

价格歧视行为的反垄断法规制研究

价格歧视是指经营者在提供相同商品或服务时不合理地实施差别价格的行为.基于对垄断行为复杂性的认识,借鉴世界上其他国家经验,我国反垄断法确定了对垄断行为进行合理分析的原则,以判断经营者实施的行为是否属于反垄断规制中的垄断行为,进而明确该行为是否具有排除、限制市场竞争效果.我国反垄断法的很多规范都不是对一种行为作简单的“是”“非”判断,而是进行理性的效果分析.合理原则充分体现了反垄断法的复杂性和灵活性.因此,在反价格垄断执法过程中,要坚持合理分析原则,对经营者实施的某项具体行为不能简单地判定其是否构成价格垄断行为,要综合考虑其他因素,最终确定是否应当对其进行反垄断规制.     

基于组织环境的中小企业人力资源管理行为实证研究

组织环境因素对企业人力资源管理行为的选择有着十分重要的影响,但现有的这方面理论基本上是来自于对管理比较规范的大企业的经验研究。本文以181家中小企业为样本,分析了企业规模、企业战略、与大企业的联盟关系等三个组织环境因素对中小企业人力资源管理行为的影响。研究结果表明:企业战略、与大企业的联盟关系对我国中小企业人力资源管理行为的选择影响显著,而企业规模对中小企业人力资源管理行为影响较小。     

产权性质、盈余管理与债务成本的效应研究

国内外学者认为盈余管理能够影响投资者和债权人对企业价值的判断，盈余管理行为将会导致盈余质量的降低，从而增加企业的债务融资成本。然而以发达资本市场为制度基础发展起来的一系列经典理论假说以及经验证据，能否有效地解释我国的企业财务安排及其信号传递效应，还不清楚。本文根据债务人的产权性质，将企业划分为国有企业和民营企业，以研究不同的企业性质是否会影响银行识别企业盈余管理的动机。     

伦理型领导对员工反生产行为的影响:基于社会学习与社会交换双重视角

伦理型领导作为一种新的领导行为成为当前研究的热点.基于社会学习理论与社会交换理论构建了研究模型,并通过437份数据对所提假设进行了检验.结果表明,伦理型领导与反生产行为显著负相关,伦理型领导与程序公平、领导公平显著正相关,程序公平与组织指向反生产行为显著负相关,领导公平与组织指向反生产行为和人际指向反生产行为显著负相关,程序公平在伦理型领导与组织指向反生产行为之间具有部分中介效应,领导公平在伦理型领导与组织指向反生产行为、人际指向反生产行为之间具有部分中介效应.最后,文章指出了研究意义、不足与未来研究方向.     

基于供应商合作环境下员工行为与组织氛围研究

作为企业经营管理的重要组成部分,企业员工行为和组织氛围不仅关系着企业管理,而且对于企业经济的整体发展也具有重要作用。基于此,本文将基于供应商合作环境下员工行为与组织氛围作为研究对象,通过对供应商合作的意义进行分析,进而对供应商、员工行为与组织氛围的关系和对其的影响进行了研究。旨在加强供应商合作,为企业员工行为与组织氛围提供参考,并提高企业管理水平。     

The Effects of Victim Anonymity on Unethical Behavior

We theorize that victim anonymity is an important factor in ethical decision making, such that actors engage in more self-interested and unethical behaviors toward anonymous victims than they do toward identifiable victims. Three experiments provided empirical support for this argument. In Study 1, participants withheld more life-saving products from anonymous than from identifiable victims. In Study 2, participants allocated a sum of payment more unfairly when interacting with an anonymous than with an identifiable partner. Finally, in Study 3, participants cheated more from an anonymous than from an identifiable person. Anticipated guilt fully mediated these effects in all three studies. Taken together, our research suggests that anonymous victims may be more likely to incur unethical treatment, which could explain many unethical business behaviors.     

Anger Strays,Fear Refrains: The Differential Effect of Negative Emotions on Consumers’ Ethical Judgments

Although various factors have been studied for their influence on consumers’ ethical judgments, the role of incidental emotions has received relatively less attention. Recent research in consumer behavior has focused on studying the effect of specific incidental emotions on various aspects of consumer decision making. This paper investigates the effect of two negative, incidental emotional states of anger and fear on ethical judgment in a consumer context using a passive unethical behavior scenario (i.e., too much change received). The paper presents two experimental studies. Study 1 focuses on the interaction of moral intensity (amount of change) and incidental emotion state in predicting the ethical judgment while study 2 investigates the underlying causal mechanism behind the process, using a mediation analysis. The results reveal a significant interaction between moral intensity and incidental emotion. Specifically, individuals in the state of incidental fear exhibit higher levels of ethical judgment as the moral intensity increases as compared to individuals in the state of incidental anger. Further, perceived control is found to mediate the relationship between emotional state and ethical judgment under higher moral intensity condition.     

Transparency to Reduce Corruption?

Corruption within the private sector has often not been dealt with in Brazil. Organizations may find corrupt acts in its operations or practices, but specific concepts and programs to avoid them are neither concrete nor clear. Some Brazilian stockholders have become aware of the risks involved in unethical procedures and are adopting the Best Practices of Corporate Governance initiative. International agencies have intensively supported organizations and governments in an effort to define policies that inhibit illegal or corrupt cultural habits throughout the world, but Brazilian practitioners show insufficient response. Skepticism may indicate a lack of understanding about how an ethical leadership can guide employees, setting high standards for the organizational culture and climate, clearly defining limits of correct behavior, and creating appropriate codes of ethics. Transparency still has to be discovered as a significant tool to encourage professionalism in performance and reporting of data in Brazilian companies. In this article, we analyze the ethical behavior of the purchasing department of a multinational company in its host country, Brazil. It focuses specifically on the supplier–buyer relationship. The results indicate that despite the negative reputation Brazilians have in business ethics, a company can still develop a positive and ethical relationship with its stakeholders. Communication, transparency, compliance with the company’s code of conduct as well as the supplier’s awareness of the buyer’s code of conduct are the factors which influence the supplier–buyer relationship. Transparency can be used as a tool to reduce corruption, thereby increasing ethical behavior and company image. Good ethical behavior can help to build up a company’s image.     

The trickle-down effect of trust in business-to-business relationships: How can a supplier ensure cooperation from multiple customers?

Abstract

Although several interfirm cooperation studies have expanded the unit of analysis from dyads to triads (networks), there is scant literature focusing on whether and how a supplier’s relationship with a customer influences its relationships with other customers. Individual relationship dyads are not isolated but interact with one another. Particularly, mutual trust in a supplier–customer relationship dyad may influence other customers’ cooperative behavior. This cross-dyadic influence is called the “trickle-down effect of trust.” A hypothesis for the mechanism by which this effect occurs was generated, focusing on the customers’ demand information offerings as a cooperative behavior. The results of an empirical analysis indicate that (1) a supplier’s mutual trust with its primary customer encourages nonprimary customers to offer their demand information to the supplier and (2) the quality of information from customers helps the supplier to make their new product more meaningful.     

Do Role Models Matter? An Investigation of Role Modeling as an Antecedent of Perceived Ethical Leadership

Thus far, we know much more about the significant outcomes of perceived ethical leadership than we do about its antecedents. In this study, we focus on multiple types of ethical role models as antecedents of perceived ethical leadership. According to social learning theory, role models facilitate the acquisition of moral and other types of behavior. Yet, we do not know whether having had ethical role models influences follower perceptions of one’s ethical leadership and, if so, what kinds of role models are important. We conducted a field study, surveying supervisors and their subordinates to examine the relationship between three types of ethical role models and ethical leadership: the leader’s childhood role models, career mentors, and top managers. We found that having had an ethical role model during the leader’s career was positively related to subordinate-rated ethical leadership. As expected, this effect was moderated by leader age, such that the relationship between career mentoring and ethical leadership was stronger for older leaders. Leader age also moderated the relationship between childhood models and ethical leadership ratings, such that having had childhood ethical role models was more strongly and positively related to ethical leadership for younger leaders. We found no effect for top management ethical role models. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Influences of Identified Victim Images on Processing Fluency

The aim of this study was to explore whether identifiable victim and processing fluency effects would be confirmed in the context of a charity ad encouraging viewers to help a victim in need. The processing fluency was examined by both objective fluency data captured by eye movement and subjective experiences of processing fluency. An eye-tracking experiment (N = 197) found a message that was easy to process required little time to process. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance revealed that participants in the identified victim condition experienced a greater fluency. A victim’s sad face versus happy face caused viewers’ emotional contagion into the victim’s negative emotional state, and this negative affect guided information processing. The objective fluency was found to mediate the effect of viewers’ negative affect on their sympathetic state, which in turn led to a greater willingness to help the victim in need.     

Ethical judgment,subjective norms,and ethical consumption: The moderating role of moral certainty

Although various empirical works have attempted to explain the gap between consumers' ethical judgments and actual purchasing behaviours, the role of moral certainty has received relatively little attention. Moral certainty refers to the subjective sense of conviction or confidence one holds about his/her ethical judgment of an object. This study contributes to the ethical consumption literature by empirically examining whether the associations among consumers' ethical judgment, intention, and actual purchasing of ethical products (EPs) vary according to their level of moral certainty. We also examined the effect of subjective norms under the same conditions. The results of regression analysis revealed that the ethical judgment of EPs has a stronger effect on consumers' intention when consumers are more confident or convinced that buying EPs is fundamentally right, as compared to moral ambiguity. The effect of subjective norms was less effective under a high level of moral certainty. Nevertheless, the results indicated that there is no evidence for the claim that consumers’ intention towards EPs has a stronger effect on the actual purchasing of EPs under a high level of moral certainty. We discuss the implications of these findings to theory and practice.     

The Dark Side of Buyer Power: Supplier Exploitation and the Role of Ethical Climates

Media increasingly accuse firms of exploiting suppliers, and these allegations often result in lurid headlines that threaten the reputations and therefore business successes of these firms. Neither has the phenomenon of supplier exploitation been investigated from a rigorous, ethical standpoint, nor have answers been provided regarding why some firms pursue exploitative approaches. By systemically contrasting economic liberalism and just prices as two divergent perspectives on supplier exploitation, we introduce a distinction of common business practice and unethical supplier exploitation. Since supplier exploitation is based on power, we elucidate several levels of power as antecedents and investigate the role of ethical climate as a moderator. This study extends Victor and Cullen’s (1988) ethical climate matrix according to a supply chain dimension and is summarized in an integrated, conceptual model of five propositions for future theory testing. Results provide a frame of reference for executives and scholars, who can now delineate unethical exploitation and understand important antecedents of the phenomenon better.     

What is Ethical Competence? The Role of Empathy,Personal Values,and the Five-Factor Model of Personality in Ethical Decision-Making

The objective of the present research was two-fold: (1) to provide a new definition of ethical competence, and (2) to clarify the influence of empathy, personal values, and the five-factor model of personality on ethical competence. The present research provides a comprehensive overview about recent approaches and empirically explores the interconnections of these constructs. 366 German undergraduate students were examined in a cross-sectional study that investigated the relationship of empathy, personal values, and the five-factor model of personality with moral judgment competence and counterproductive work behavior as indicators of moral judgment and behavior. We found self-transcendence values to be related to both, high levels of empathy and ethical competence, in contrast to self-enhancement values. Multiple mediation analysis revealed unique effects of empathy on ethical competence through values as mediators. Affective (but not cognitive) empathy transmitted its effect on ethical competence through benevolence, conformity, tradition, power, and hedonism. Most importantly, perspective taking lost its predictive power when investigated alongside affective empathy dimensions. These results converge to an important role of affective empathy, in particular empathic concern, with regard to personal values and ethical competence. Furthermore, the five-factor model of personality explained variance in measures of ethical competence. Our research suggests that organizational decision makers should consider the role of empathy, personal values, and the five-factor model in their human resource management in order to select employees with high ethical competence.     

Leading by example: Testing a moderated mediation model of ethical leadership,value congruence,and followers' openness to ethical influence

In this study, we investigate a key question of ethical leadership theory: Are ethical leaders able to gain followers' openness to their ethical influence? When describing ethical leadership, we distinguish between leaders’ moral person behavior (i.e., behaviors that are normatively appropriate) and moral management (i.e., using position power to reinforce ethical standards). We then draw on mechanisms of social learning and social exchange and test a moderated mediation model. It is predicted that the effect of leaders' moral person behavior on followers’ openness to ethical influence is mediated by leader‐follower ethical value congruence. Moreover, we examine whether moral management amplifies the effects of moral person behavior. For hypothesis testing, existing measures from the literature are integrated to operationalize four underlying normative reference points of leaders' moral person behavior: humane, justice, responsibility/sustainability, and moderation orientation. After establishing the psychometric properties of this integrative measure, the main hypotheses are tested in two separate studies. While results showed a positive effect of leaders' moral person behavior on followers' openness to ethical influence through ethical value congruence, the moderating effect of moral management was, contrary to our expectation, negative. With this, our study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of ethical leadership.