碳税规制的清洁技术偏向效应研究——一个分工视角

基于迂回生产的超边际分析,文章构建一个使用中间技术（污染技术或清洁技术）迂回制造最终产品的理论模型,从分工视角研究了碳税规制（排污税或减排补贴）影响清洁技术偏向的微观机理,揭示出污染型完全分工模式、清洁型完全分工模式和过渡型完全分工模式结构对碳税规制的清洁技术偏向效应具有异质性。具体结论表明：政府实施碳税规制（排污税、减排补贴等）会对清洁技术偏向产生显著正向效应,并且在“结构跳跃”阶段带来社会福利的增加;而有利于打破污染型完全分工结构的锁定效应,推动经济结构升级至清洁型完全分工结构。文章关于环境政策激励清洁技术偏向的理论创新,对于当下的中国经济转型,特别是从污染技术的分工结构转向清洁技术主导的分工结构具有现实的指导意义。     

中国全过程减排效应实证研究——以省域二氧化硫减排为例

全过程污染减排,是以经济发展模式转变为前提,构建从资源能源消费,污染物产生以及到污染排放的全过程减排机制.文章以省城二氧化硫减排为例,根据全过程减排内涵,选择减排率作为全过程减排评价指标,选择节能降耗、技术进步、产业结构、治污、监管激励等环节指标,对中国全过程减排效应进行实证分析.结果表明,全过程污染减排已在中国存在一定程度的效应.作为“中端”减排的三产比重效应较小,而技术进步效应更小,这应该是今后减排工作的重点.由此提出相应的政策建议.     

碳排放政策下的供应链定价与减排北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章以供应链的减排量和价格为研究对象,建立了制造商主导的斯坦伯格两阶段动态博弈模型,探讨了碳税、碳交易、总量控制目标政策下由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链的定价与减排优化问题。研究表明:碳排放政策下制造商和零售商的定价策略相反,随着排放政策变得严厉,制造商提高批发价格而零售商降低边际利润;产品初始绿色程度、减排成本系数和碳排放价格是影响供应链定价和减排的重要因素。供应链初始绿色程度低时碳排放价格对供应链减排量的影响存在阈值效应。文章还从供应链层面比较了三种排放政策的减排效力,发现即使减排政策不同,只要安排适当也可以实现同样的减排目标,但效果优劣有碳交易、碳税、总量控制的次序之分。     

成都市节能减排效果评价研究

进入21世纪,生态环境恶化形势日趋严峻,坚持可持续发展,保护我们共同家园已成为全人类共同面临的紧迫课题。本文结合成都市资源、能源及环境现状,从能源消耗、污染物排放、污染治理与资源再利用、环保设施四个方面构建节能减排效果评价的指标体系,应用熵权法对成都市2007—2011年的节能减排效果进行评价研究。     

碳税减排路径与效果辨析

中国面临着温室气体减排的巨大压力,碳税辅以碳排放权交易是适合我国国情的有效减排政策工具.文章深入分析了我国实行碳税的现实条件,对碳税税制要素、税率、征税环节、税收收入的归属与使用、税收减免与补偿等相关政策配套的相互作用机制和减排效果进行了探讨,提出通过多种模型和方法的综合应用对碳税的技术路径进行设计;揭示动态条件下碳税税制要素的构成与选择;指出税率是碳税政策实施的关键环节,且存在最优的碳税减排税率;辨析中性税收实施方式下多方利益关系的协调和最优税收返还模式;分析碳税及其政策配套的减排效果、对经济活动的影响,提出适合我国实际的碳税政策实施建议.     

污染物减排中的行业管制与财政激励——基于上海市燃煤电厂脱硫政策的个案分析

实施主要污染物排放的总量控制,仍然是我国“十二五”时期面临的艰巨任务.上海市“十一五”期间出台的促进燃煤电厂脱硫的行业管制与财政激励政策,对完成时下艰巨的污染物减排任务,不仅提供了政策操作的启示,而且提供了进一步完善该类政策的分析样本.促进污染物减排,在政策路径设计上,需要行业管制与市场调节的配合;在当前实施的政策操作上,则是要完善现行的排污收费制度.     

增负还是减负：环境保护税与企业税收负担

文章采用2015—2022年上市公司面板数据,构建三重差分模型探讨环境保护税对重污染企业税收负担的影响。研究发现：环境保护税对重污染企业减负具有积极作用,推动企业致力于绿色研发创新和向下盈余管理来降低税收负担。环境保护税显著降低了非国有企业以及地方环保监管严、税收征管强地区重污染企业的税收负担。据此,提出积极落实《环境保护税法》、优化环境保护税污染排放的税收减免和优惠政策、制定差别化征收的环境保护税税率等政策建议。     

我国燃油税的节能减排功能探析

现行燃油税作为＂清费立税＂的改革成果,税率设置对燃油产生的外部成本内部化不足妨碍了其＂节能减排＂功能的发挥。文章通过对四种分别从均衡道路供求以及控制机动车尾气排放的角度还原燃油使用真实成本的税收解决方案的比较分析,论证了将机动车排放温室气体造成的外部成本纳入燃油税的做法不仅拥有上佳的制度效费比,也是应对国内外宏观形势的现实需要。     

碳交易政策下考虑碳转移影响的供应链企业减排策略研究

在碳交易政策下,文章针对二级供应链构建减排博弈模型,研究碳政策和碳排放转移对供应链企业减排的影响。研究表明:过强的碳政策强度不一定能有效激励企业减排,提高消费者低碳意识才是激励企业减排的有效策略。制造商向供应商发生碳转移时,产品减排率提高,供应商和制造商的利润都增加。对于低排放企业,政府不宜制定过强的碳排放政策,而对于高排放企业,应提升碳政策强度。     

边际减排成本与限排影子成本、能源价格关系

文章在梳理边际减排成本及相关研究的基础上,构建决定经济主体边际减排成本的理论模型,分析边际减排成本与排放约束影子成本、能源价格之间的相互关系和内在决定机制,论证边际减排成本与能源价格之间存在负向关系,并基于影子成本对边际减排成本影响因素进行图解分析;然后结合理论模型和国际碳交易均衡价格进行实证检验;最后立足中国提出相关政策建议.     

Adoption Subsidy Versus Technology Standards Under Asymmetric Information

Summary  Market-based instruments are believed to create more efficient incentives for firms to adopt new technologies than command-and-control policies. We compare the effects of a direct technology regulation and of an adoption subsidy under asymmetric information about the costs of technological advances in controlling the socially undesirable activities. We show that the policy maker may want to commit to her policy. The reason is that asymmetric information about adoption costs induces the policy maker to set subsidy levels that increase over time; firms, expecting higher subsidies in the future, postpone investment. Direct regulation offers a commitment possibility that allows to prevent firms from postponing investment. The research of the the first author was sponsored by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO. We thank the participants of the First World Meeting of the Public Choice Society on March 29–April 1, 2007 in Amsterdam, and especially Frans van Winden, for comments.     

Fiscal and environmental policy under monopolistic competition

Summary Keynesian demand management offsets some of the distortions caused by monopolistic competition and thus induces multiplier effects on national income and environmental damages. The cost of public funds rises with the virtual environmental tax and the degree of competition in the product market. The virtual environmental tax rises with abatement and falls with the cost of public funds. Consequently, greener preferences induce a rise in the virtual environmental tax, the cost of public funds and public abatement, and a fall in the provision of traditional public goods. A greater preference for traditional public goods harms environmental quality, since both abatement and output fall. Protecting cartels lowers the cost of public funds and may raise the provision of both traditional public goods and abatement. Environmental quality may thus rise, but other components of social welfare will fall. The paper also analyses the effects of private abatement, pollution taxes, fiscal consolidation and the progressivity of the tax system on government policy, employment, environmental quality and welfare.This paper was prepared for the OCFEB workshop Quantitative Economics for Environmental Policy held at the Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam, March 22 1994. We thank Casper van Ewijk and Jenny E. Ligthart for useful comments.     

Subsidy policies in a fertility choice model

This paper compares the effects that a subsidy to health expenditure or a subsidy to child-rearing costs has in a fertility choice model in which mortality is also endogenously determined. Whichever subsidy is instituted, the population growth rate rises. While a subsidy to health expenditure reduces welfare, a subsidy to child-rearing costs might increase welfare. The welfare analysis also suggests that a subsidy to health expenditure should be financed by a capital income tax, while a subsidy to child-rearing costs should be financed by a consumption tax.     

Second Best Environmental Policies under Uncertainty

We construct a strategic environmental policy model of an international duopoly. Governments use environmental policies, such as an emissions standard or a tax, to control pollution and for rent shifting purposes. Contrary to firms, however, governments are unable to perfectly foresee the actual level of demand and the cost of abatement. Our results suggest that not only the presence but also the absolute level of uncertainty matters for the optimal choice of the environmental policy instrument. Moreover, the optimality conditions under strategic behavior may lead to welfare losses relative to the cooperative outcomes because of under‐regulation and lack of policy coordination between the two countries.     

Pollution abatement efforts: a regional analysis of the Chinese industrial sector

Although China has had rapid economic growth, it has borne a more significant economic burden or loss because of environmental pollution. However, the country has addressed this problem with various pollution abatement efforts. Some prior studies analysed the relationship between such efforts and pollution emissions, but did not show how these efforts affect pollution reduction. This study investigates the effects of pollution abatement efforts on industrial SO_X, NO_X and CO₂ emissions in the context of pollution reduction in China by panel data for 29 provinces from 1995 to 2010. The empirical results are as follows. First, emissions have increased rapidly in the 2000s. Second, rapid income growth has led to a greater increase in emissions. Third, pollution abatement would assist improvements in environmental quality. Further, this study reveals that abatement efforts affect emissions through the adoption of pollution removal measures.     

企业减少二氧化碳排放的技术风险评估

在2009年的根本哈根会议上,中国政府承诺到2020年,单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放将比2005年下降40%到45%。为了逐步实现这个目标,中国政府从2012年已经开始在国内七省市试行强制性碳交易系统。企业可以选择减少二氧化碳排放,碳市场上购买碳配额,或者接受政府的惩罚性碳税。对于选择减少二氧化碳的企业而言,技术风险是其在降低排放时不可避免也是最难预测的,本文结合降低二氧化碳排放的技术特点和企业的经营特性,构建了一个评估概念模型,为企业在实施减排时候提供测量风险的参考。     

基础设施建设支出、结构性减税与最优政策选择

财政政策的最优政策选择问题对于国家宏观调控政策的出台具有指导意义。既往的研究忽略了利用动态一般均衡的方法探求具有双重外部性的基础设施建设支出与结构性减税支出的政策选择问题。本文利用引入基础设施建设支出和结构性减税的新凯恩斯DSGE模型,测算比较基建支出和结构性减税的政策福利效应。研究表明：具有双重外部性的基础设施建设支出不仅可以通过提高生产效率的方式促进产出,还可以通过挤入居民消费的方式加强政策福利效应。经过测算,短期的基建支出乘数大于结构性减税的政策乘数。同时,基建支出长期平均产出乘数小于结构性减税的平均产出乘数。与结构性减税政策相比,增加基建支出对于财政资金有限的政府是短期内更加有效的产出刺激政策,但在长期中,结构性减税政策不仅具有较高的政策效应,还可以从消费、劳动、投资等角度实现结构性政策目标。进一步研究发现,地区经济发展水平的不同会导致各地区的最优政策选择存在差异性：发达地区可以通过结构性税收政策解决结构性问题的同时实现长期经济增长;而欠发达地区则更应该注重运用基础设施建设为主的支出政策以促进经济增长;但随着人口逐渐从欠发达地区流出,提高欠发达地区的基建支出是否是可行之策,还需要考虑区域协调发展等诸多因素。     

Blue Box Policy Reform in the Doha Round Negotiations： Effects and China＇s Position

This paper uses an agricultural trade policy simulation model to quantitatively evaluate the effects of Blue Box policy reform on agricultural production and trade, and further provides specific proposals regarding China ＇ s reform position. The results indicate that, if the reform could achieve a reduction in distorting supports in more developed countries, China＇ s total agricultural production would increase, accompanied by a decrease in agricultural imports and a slight increase in exports. In terms of social welfare, producers would gain significantly, consumers would lose and government would not suffer greatly, which is in accordance with current agricultural policies in China. As a core member of G20, China should approve a subsidy level as low as possible required by Blue Box to achieve ＂substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic supports＂.     

提升纺织企业节能减排水平的财税政策研究——以浙江省为例

在实地调研基础上总结了影响浙江纺织企业节能减排的资源、环境、经济与社会因素,分析了浙江纺织企业节能减排的困境及其财税政策的不足,提出了促进浙江纺织企业节能减排的财政支出政策与税收政策的建议:在财政支出政策的选择上应注重综合运用政府直接投资、政府采购、财政补贴和转移支付等手段;在税收政策的选择上应综合运用税收优惠政策、差别性的环保税、产品税和消费税政策等。     

International Capital Competition and Environmental Standards

This paper examines the welfare effects of capital taxation and environmental standards with and without a government spending constraint or international tax credits. This analysis delineates the intricate linkages of the two policy measures to both private income and government welfare. Loosening environmental control leads to more capital tax revenue for the government. The optimal capital tax rate may be of any sign, depending upon the ranking of the weights of government objectives and private utility. The same criterion also applies in determining how stringent the optimal environmental standards should be.