对冲基金界说

伴随着20世纪90年代一系列金融危机的发生,研究对冲基金的重要性日益凸显.对冲基金是指通过非公开方式向少数富裕个人和机构投资者募集资金而设立的,对包含对冲、杠杆等在内的投资策略的使用不受或很少受到限制,基金经理通常也作为基金的一个主要投资者,具有以绝对回报为中心的业绩提成费用结构的投资资本组合.对冲基金的特点主要包括:募集方式的非公开性和募集时象的特定性、投资策略的高度复杂性、奖励性佣金结构的特殊性、杠杆投资和收益的杠杆性、信息披露义务的相对宽松性以及操作的灵活性等.我国发展对冲基金既有可能性,又有必然性.     

Hedge Fund Contagion and Liquidity Shocks

Defining contagion as correlation over and above that expected from economic fundamentals, we find strong evidence of worst return contagion across hedge fund styles for 1990 to 2008. Large adverse shocks to asset and hedge fund liquidity strongly increase the probability of contagion. Specifically, large adverse shocks to credit spreads, the TED spread, prime broker and bank stock prices, stock market liquidity, and hedge fund flows are associated with a significant increase in the probability of hedge fund contagion. While shocks to liquidity are important determinants of performance, these shocks are not captured by commonly used models of hedge fund returns.     

The Secondary Market for Hedge Funds and the Closed Hedge Fund Premium

Rational theories of the closed‐end fund premium puzzle highlight fund share and asset illiquidity, managerial ability, and fees as important determinants of the premium. Several of these attributes are difficult to measure for mutual funds, and easier to measure for hedge funds. This paper employs new data from a secondary market for hedge funds, discovers a closed‐hedge fund premium that is highly correlated with the closed‐end mutual fund premium, and shows that the closed‐hedge fund premium is well explained by variables suggested by rational theories. Sentiment‐based explanations do not find support in the data.     

对冲基金、对冲策略以及市场中性

本文梳理了对冲基金的概念、特征及对冲策略,指出市场中性是这些对冲策略普遍存在的内在一致性要求。在此基础上,本文进一步讨论了市场中性策略的收益来源,分析了市场中性策略的做空优势,指出对冲策略拓宽了传统组合边界。     

Hedge Fund Involvement in Convertible Securities

Convertible arbitrage hedge funds combine long positions in convertible securities with short positions in the underlying stock. In effect, hedge funds use their knowledge of the borrowing and short‐sale market to hedge themselves while distributing equity exposure to a large number of well‐diversified investors through their short positions. The authors argue that many “would‐be” equity issuers that would otherwise pay high costs in a secondary equity issue choose instead to issue convertible debt to hedge funds that in turn distribute equity exposure to institutional investors. This allows companies to receive “equity‐like” financing today at lower cost than a secondary equity offering. The authors' findings also suggest that more convertibles will be privately placed with hedge funds when issuer and market conditions suggest that shorting costs will be lower.     

Indirect Incentives of Hedge Fund Managers

Indirect incentives exist in the money management industry when good current performance increases future inflows of capital, leading to higher future fees. For the average hedge fund, indirect incentives are at least 1.4 times as large as direct incentives from incentive fees and managers’ personal stakes in the fund. Combining direct and indirect incentives, manager wealth increases by at least $0.39 for a $1 increase in investor wealth. Younger and more scalable hedge funds have stronger flow‐performance relations, leading to stronger indirect incentives. These results have a number of implications for our understanding of incentives in the asset management industry.     

国际对冲基金活动与我国商业银行稳健经营研究

本文系统分析了近年来国际对冲基金迅速扩张的总体形势、对冲基金的主要风险源、国际对冲基金与商业银行的业务关系及风险形成机制，进而提出我国商业银行应对国际对冲基金活动所应采取的措施。     

Fund Liquidation, Self-selection, and Look-ahead Bias in the Hedge Fund Industry

A wide range of empirical biases hampers hedge fund databases.In this paper we focus upon survival-related biases and disentanglelook-ahead biases due to self-selection of funds and due tofund termination. Self-selection arises because funds voluntarilyreport their information to data vendors and may decide to stopdoing so. By extending existing methodology, we analyze persistencein hedge fund performance over the period 1994–2000, takinginto account the above biases. The results show that look-aheadbiases due to liquidation and self-selection enforce each otherand may lead to overestimating expected returns by as much as8% per year. Overall, the results are consistent with positivepersistence in hedge fund returns at horizons of two and fourquarters.     

Hedge Fund Activism, Corporate Governance, and Firm Performance

Using a large hand-collected data set from 2001 to 2006, we find that activist hedge funds in the United States propose strategic, operational, and financial remedies and attain success or partial success in two-thirds of the cases. Hedge funds seldom seek control and in most cases are nonconfrontational. The abnormal return around the announcement of activism is approximately 7%, with no reversal during the subsequent year. Target firms experience increases in payout, operating performance, and higher CEO turnover after activism. Our analysis provides important new evidence on the mechanisms and effects of informed shareholder monitoring.     

对冲基金业的新发展及其监管探索

本文介绍了对冲基金的定义、特点及主要类型,分析了对冲基金业的变化趋势,并就完善对冲基金监管方式、维护金融稳定提出了建议。     

金属类期货对相关股票的套期保值问题研究

金属矿产资源的有限性使得金属类期货价格和相关上市公司股票价格之间表现出较强的联动性,使得金属类期货可以在一定程度上满足股票市场投资者的套期保值需求.本文对上海期货交易所黄金、铜、铝期货合约与深沪两市相关上市公司股票之间套期保值模型的选择及效果评价问题进行实证研究.结果表明金属类期货合约均可以对相关上市公司股票起到套期保值的效果.其中,黄金期货对黄金类上市公司股票的套期保值效率最高.     

Emerging Market Exposures and the Predictability of Hedge Fund Returns

We examine emerging market and global macro hedge funds and find a significant positive relation between hedge funds’ future returns and their exposure to both emerging market equities and emerging market currencies. We present evidence that the strong predictive power of emerging market betas is related to the superior market‐timing ability of these fund managers. Results are robust after controlling for commonly used hedge fund factors, the emerging market equity index, lagged fund returns, liquidity risk, and fund characteristics. Our results suggest that hedge funds can earn positive excess returns by timing their exposure to emerging market securities.     

Role of Managerial Incentives and Discretion in Hedge Fund Performance

Using a comprehensive hedge fund database, we examine the role of managerial incentives and discretion in hedge fund performance. Hedge funds with greater managerial incentives, proxied by the delta of the option-like incentive fee contracts, higher levels of managerial ownership, and the inclusion of high-water mark provisions in the incentive contracts, are associated with superior performance. The incentive fee percentage rate by itself does not explain performance. We also find that funds with a higher degree of managerial discretion, proxied by longer lockup, notice, and redemption periods, deliver superior performance. These results are robust to using alternative performance measures and controlling for different data-related biases.     

我国发展对冲基金的可行性分析

随着引进合格境外机构投资者制度的实施;中国金融市场的进一步国际化;衍生金融工具的逐渐引入以及基金业的快速发展,对冲基金作为一种收益率高、投资方式灵活的金融衍生工具吸引越来越多国内外投资者的关注.基于这样的形势,如何顺利引进并适度发展对冲基金业具有十分重要的现实意义.笔者对此作了细致的分析和研究,并在此基础上提出改革步骤、措施及监管框架.     

Hedge Fund Risk Dynamics: Implications for Performance Appraisal

Accurate appraisal of hedge fund performance must recognize the freedom with which managers shift asset classes, strategies, and leverage in response to changing market conditions and arbitrage opportunities. The standard measure of performance is the abnormal return defined by a hedge fund's exposure to risk factors. If exposures are assumed constant when, in fact, they vary through time, estimated abnormal returns may be incorrect. We employ an optimal changepoint regression that allows risk exposures to shift, and illustrate the impact on performance appraisal using a sample of live and dead funds during the period January 1994 through December 2005.     

Hedging and Reserving for Single-Premium Segregated Fund Contracts

Abstract

Three methods for determining suitable provision for maturity guarantees for single-premium segregated fund contracts are compared. Actuarial reserving assumes funds are held in risk-free assets, to give a prescribed probability of meeting the guarantee liability. Dynamic hedging uses the Black-Scholes framework to determine the replicating portfolio. Static hedging assumes a counterparty is willing to sell the options required to meet the guarantee. Using a stochastic cash flow projection, we consider how to assess which approach is most profitable. The example given assumes a typical Canadian segregated fund contract.     

国际对冲基金监管制度比较研究与启示

对冲基金近年发展迅猛,各国根据本国国情初步建立了监管制度。本文认为应从改进治理结构、强化自律监管,加强市场约束、提高透明度等方面,沿运营流程和主要运营当事人两条线索完善对冲基金现有监管法律制度。在金融市场全面开放背景下,我国应在放开私募管制基础上根据市场和金融产品发展进程推进对冲基金逐步合法化。     

对冲基金投资收益与风险理论文献综述

另类投资领域中的对冲基金研究对于中国正在兴起的私募基金具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文系统回顾了对冲基金投资收益与风险研究的文献内容,收益的定价方法、收益数据的偏差研究、风险的估测方法、风险测量的不足、对冲基金对金融市场的稳定性影响等,研究发现对冲基金的风险未被正确认识而收益表现被高估.这为全面认识对冲基金的收益风险特征提供了理论基础.