Does venture capital really foster innovation?

Using panel data of 17 European Union countries, we find robust empirical support for a positive impact of venture capital on innovation. After controlling for the potential endogenous relationship between venture capital and innovation, the results indicate that venture capital fosters innovation but mainly at a later stage.     

Public policy and the creation of active venture capital markets

We assess the effectiveness of different public policy instruments for the creation of active venture capital markets. Our methodology focusses on ‘innovation ratios’, defined to be the shares of high-tech, and of early stage, venture capital investments. We study a unique panel of data for 14 European countries between 1988 and 2001. We have several novel findings. First, we find no evidence of a shortage of supply of venture capital funds in Europe, a result which questions the effectiveness of the most widely used policy for fostering active venture capital markets. We also find other policies to be effective. In particular, the opening of stock markets targeted at entrepreneurial companies has a positive, large effect on the innovation ratios. Reductions in the corporate capital gains tax rate increase the share of both high-tech and early stage investment. A reduction in labor regulation also results in a higher share of high-tech investments. Finally, we find no evidence of an effect of increased public R&D spending on the innovation ratios.     

风险投资促进我国技术创新的实证研究

目前风险投资在许多国家的科技创新中发挥了重要的作用。我国的风险投资虽然近年来发展很快,但在促进技术创新方面到底发挥了多大作用?利用我国1994—2008年风险投资额、R&D经费支出和国内发明专利量等数据,通过SPSS回归分析发现了我国风险投资与技术创新之间的线性关系不明显,但得出了公司研究开发支出(R&D)对技术创新的作用较明显的结论。在此基础上提出了应进一步健全我国风险投资环境和建立我国风险投资机制的建议。     

风险投资背景、持股比例对初创企业技术创新产出的影响

为研究风险投资对初创企业技术创新产出的影响，基于中介效应模型，结合数据包络分析方法和静态面板回归分析方法，对创业板上市公司样本进行了实证分析。研究发现：有风险投资参与的初创企业技术创新产出高于无风险投资参与的初创企业，且风险投资持股比例越高，对初创企业创新的促进作用越显著。不同背景的风险投资对初创企业技术创新产出的影响不同：政府风险投资和外资风险投资持股比例越高的初创企业全要素生产率越高，且政府背景风险投资最为有效，外资背景风险投资次之；研发投入在风险投资与技术创新之间发挥部分中介作用，即风险投资通过直接作用和间接作用共同影响初创企业技术创新产出。     

创业投资对新能源技术创新效率的撬动效应研究

以2004-2017年上市的136家新能源企业为样本,研究了创业投资对新能源企业技术创新效率的撬动效应。首先,将样本企业分为有、无创业投资撬动两组,运用数据包络分析DEA测度两组企业的技术创新效率,并对两组企业技术创新效率的均值进行独立样本T检验,结果表明创业投资撬动效应明显。其次,按照创业投资出资背景、注资策略和持股强度3个特征,运用多元线性回归MLR验证了创业投资对新能源企业技术创新效率的撬动效应。结果显示,从创业投资出资背景看,国资背景没有撬动效应,外资背景和高声誉背景均具有正向撬动效应;从创业投资注资策略看,注资时机越早,撬动效应越大,注资轮次数和注资联合者个数均与技术创新效率显著正相关;从创业投资持股强度看,持股比例与技术创新效率呈倒“U”形关系,持股期限越长,撬动效应越明显。最后,提出相关对策建议。     

The impact of external R&D financing on innovation process from a supply-demand perspective

This paper sheds light on the effects of two different types of R&D financing sources respectively from a supply-demand combined perspective, namely subsidy from government and venture capital in market, on the innovation process. Our empirical analysis is based on a unique data set of industrial enterprises located in Beijing ZhongGuanCun Science Park during the period 2008–2015. In terms of the two stages of the innovation process, this paper untangles and compares the effects of the two financing sources on R&D input, patent output as well as profit outcome. We find that both supply- and demand-side external R&D financing channels have differential effects on the innovation process in terms of input, output or outcome as well as the different-sized enterprises. Supply-side subsidy tends to be more effective at the front end of the innovation process, while venture capital shows a demand-side consideration on technology evolution by focusing more on the back end of the innovation process. Both government subsidy and venture capital can have a significantly positive impact on the entire innovation process of small and micro enterprises, whereas for large and medium-sized enterprises, subsidy has no significant impact on profit outcome and venture capital can only affect patents positively. These findings suggest that the Chinese government should focus more on small and micro firms and increase such firms’ access to venture capital through a process of certification, so as to achieve an effective combination of government functions and market functions.     

创业投资对异质性创新的甄别效应及作用机制

企业创新活动在质量上存在异质性，采用渐进式创新与突破式创新二分法，利用2009-2016年创业板上市公司数据探究创业投资的影响。使用创业投资哑变量进行Tobit估计和PSM检验，发现创业投资对于突破式创新具有明显的额外激励效应，再使用创业投资持股比例进行Tobit估计和Heckman两阶段模型的内生性检验，发现创业投资显著抑制了渐进式创新，却与突破式创新呈现出“倒U型”关系，体现了非控股性质的创业投资对于异质性创新的甄别效应。进一步，中介效应模型显示,缓解融资约束起到了完全中介作用，交互效应模型表明吸收能力起到了平滑的调节作用。     

风险投资进入时机、外部环境与企业创新投入

在我国经济进入高质量发展阶段，探究在不同外部环境下风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响具有重要意义。以2010—2019年沪深两市首次公开上市的A股公司为样本，运用异方差稳健OLS模型和Logit模型，研究风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响，并进一步探讨我国不同外部环境的调节效应，结果发现：①VC早期进入能够显著促进被投企业创新能力提升，表现为企业研发投入强度显著提升；②企业所在地区市场化程度越高，风险投资进入时机越早，越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力；③企业所在行业竞争水平越高，风险投资进入时机越晚，越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力。     

风险投资介入与企业创新：基于PSM模型的经验证据

“大众创业、万众创新”背景下，研究风险投资介入对企业创新绩效的影响具有重要理论与现实意义。以2010-2017年创业板公司为样本，采用倾向得分匹配法（PSM）模型,实证分析风险投资介入对企业创新绩效的影响,发现风险投资介入显著促进专利申请量，且对发明专利申请量和实用新型专利申请量有显著正向作用，而对外观设计专利影响并不显著。进一步考察不同背景和投资策略的风险投资对创新绩效的潜在影响，结果显示：与单独投资相比，联合投资对专利总申请量和发明专利申请量增加的促进作用更显著；与私营风险投资和外资风险投资相比，国有风险投资具有更强的发明取向和更长的投资时间，能显著促进发明专利等创新绩效提升，而私营和外资风险投资对公司创新绩效的影响不显著。     

创业投资退出方式的选择及影响因素研究综述

创业投资的成功退出有利于实现创业资本的循环发展。对与国外创业投资退出方式的选择相关的研究进行了回顾,内容涉及各种退出方式的比较与选择、不同国家退出方式选择受制度体系的影响以及同一国家退出方式选择受契约安排的影响。最后结合目前国内对创业资本退出的研究现状,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Venture capital availability and labour market performance around the world

This article studies the effects of venture capital on the performance of the labour market. Using data from a much larger sample of countries than previous papers, it finds more readily available venture capital to favourably affect both the unemployment and the employment rate. The magnitude of the estimated effects is substantial. We control for both endogeneity of venture capital availability and most major determinants of labour market performance. The results are robust to variations in specification.     

论中小高新技术企业集群式创新与风险投资的联动

本文对产业集群创新与风险投资关系方面的文献进行了梳理，分析了中小高新技术企业集群式创新与风险投资的相互影响，并结合我国实际探讨了高新技术产业集群式创新和风险投资联动不足的表现及原因，在此基础上提出了相关的改革建议。     

高科技与风险投资机制

在新经济条件下技术创新和知识创新有相互交汇的趋势。科技的孵化领域成为知识创新和技术创新的交汇点。高科技的创业投资进入的投资领域正是这个孵化高新技术和企业的环节。根据高科技产业化的特点,风险投资作为创业投资,从种子阶段和创业阶段就应该进入,否则就失去了其作为创业投资的意义。风险投资主体不仅仅是风险投资基金公司,政府及企业都可以进行风险投资。     

风险资本集聚与区域创新的关系——基于投资行业分布的视角

利用2006—2010年我国44个省市的880项投资事件的数据,研究了风险资本集聚、投资行业分布与区域创新三者之间的相互关系。结果显示:国内各地区的风险资本集聚可能通过影响地区的投资行业分布进而影响区域创新绩效,即一个地区吸引的风险资本越多,这些风险资本集中于某几个特定行业的可能性越大,该地区的区域创新能力越高。最后提出:我国地方政府监管机构应积极引导风险资本进驻当地的优势产业,集中发展特色经济,以有效促进区域创新能力的提升。     

美国风险投资金融经济价值问题研究

从美国风险投资发展的历程入手,分析其通过加速技术创新,从而创造宏观经济价值效应、促进就业的重要金融经济贡献,得出以下主要结论:风险投资在国家金融经济领域具有重要地位,它与具有发展潜力的高科技产业紧密地联系在一起,促进了技术创新和专利发明;风险投资与国家宏观经济以及国际竞争力具有长期正相关关系;风险投资与平均年工资水平和劳动生产率之间也存在强正相关关系;风险投资在美国的国家金融经济领域的以上各个方面发挥了及其重要的作用.由此得到启示:在中国经济转型的关键时期,大力发展风险投资已是当务之急,美国风险投资的运作模式能够为更有效地发挥风险投资所应有的金融经济价值提供借鉴.     

Social capital, innovation and growth: Evidence from Europe

This paper investigates the interplay between social capital, innovation and per capita income growth in the European Union. We model and identify innovation as an important mechanism that transforms social capital into higher income levels. In an empirical investigation of 102 European regions in the period 1990-2002, we show that higher innovation performance is conducive to per capita income growth and that social capital affects this growth indirectly by fostering innovation. Our estimates suggest that there is no direct role for social capital to foster per capita income growth in our sample of European Union countries.     

When do thick venture capital markets foster innovation? An evolutionary analysis

In this paper, we examine the trade off between different effects of the availability of venture capital on the speed of technological progress in an industry. We consider an evolutionary industry simulation model based on Nelson and Winter (1982), in which R&D efforts of an incumbent firm generate technological know-how embodied in key R&D employees, who might use this know-how to found a spinoff of the incumbent. Venture capital is needed to finance a spinoff, so that the expected profits from founding a spinoff depend on how easily venture capital can be acquired. Accordingly, thick venture capital markets might have two opposing effects. First, incentives of firms to invest in R&D might be reduced and, second, if spinoff formation results in technological spillovers between the parent firm and the spinoffs, the generation of spinoff firms might positively influence the future efficiency of the incumbent’s innovation efforts. We study the manner in which this tradeoff influences the effect of venture capital on innovation expenditures, speed of technological change and evolution of industry concentration in several scenarios with different industry characteristics.     

Venture Capital Backed Growth

The paper proposes a simple equilibrium model of venture capital, start-up entrepreneurship and innovation. Venture capitalists not only finance but also advise start-up entrepreneurs and thereby add value to new firms. The paper shows how a productive and active venture capital industry boosts innovation based growth. It also demonstrates the potential of tax policy to promote innovation and growth by strengthening incentives for more intensive venture capital support.     

风险投资驱动企业“脱虚向实”了吗

近年来，企业金融化现象在学术界备受关注。国内外研究表明，风险投资对企业投资和企业创新均具有积极影响，那么风险投资能否影响企业金融投资行为？以2009—2019年沪深两市首次公开发行的A股上市公司为研究样本，实证分析风险投资对企业金融化的影响。结果表明：风险投资对企业金融化具有显著抑制作用，且这种抑制作用存在异质性。具体而言，风险投资对企业金融化的抑制效应主要体现在制造企业、盈利能力较弱企业、非国有企业以及东部区域企业中。同时，机构投资者持股比例越高，风险投资对企业金融化的抑制作用越强。机制分析结果表明，风险投资通过促进企业实体投资抑制企业金融化。进一步分析发现，风险投资能够缓解被投企业融资约束，而融资约束的改善并未促进企业金融化，而是促进企业创新。结论可丰富风险投资与企业金融化相关领域研究，证明风险投资能够驱动实体企业“脱虚向实”，对政府发展多层次资本市场，引导金融回归实体具有一定的参考价值。     

政府背景风险投资会促进企业创新吗

利用创业板公司数据，研究政府背景风险投资对企业创新的影响，并对其影响机制进行了讨论。实证结果表明，政府背景风险投资对企业创新投入有显著促进作用，但也诱发了大量逆向选择问题；非政府背景风险投资对企业创新投入不仅不会发挥促进作用，反而会对上市后的被投企业表现出“盘剥”行为，阻碍企业创新投入。进一步探讨政府背景风险投资的作用机制后发现，从政府对风险投资的控制权角度而言，政府参股的风险投资可以促进被投企业创新投入，而政府控股的风险投资却呈现出显著的逆向选择现象；从政府背景风险投资对被投企业的参与度而言，通过董事会参与公司治理会对企业创新产生显著影响，而对企业的持股比例不会显著影响创新。