劳动力资源短缺的人口经济学分析——以我国沿海地区为例

改革开放以来,大量的农业劳动力涌向城市和沿海发达地区,这一现象一度被称为＂民工潮＂。然而近年来,以民工为代表的廉价劳动力资源开始出现短缺的迹象,＂民工荒＂现象从沿海发达地区开始蔓延,并越来越严重地影响到我国经济的持续稳定高速发展。本文从人口经济学的角度对＂民工潮＂向＂民工荒＂转换的现象进行剖析,认为人口出生率骤降,导致的人口年龄结构的失衡,造成了劳动力特别是青壮年劳动力资源无法满足经济发展的需求,同时也造成了产业之间,地区之间流动劳动力总量的减少,是导致＂民工荒＂产生的重要原因。最后本文参考日本经济发展的经验和教训,提出以人为本的解决我国从人口过剩发展到人手不足的具体应急措施。     

The labor injunction and peonage—how changes in labor laws increased inequality during the Gilded Age

In this article, I seek to fill a gap in the literature by analyzing how central changes in labor laws shaped intrafirm power dynamics and thus income inequality during the Gilded Age and Progressive and New Eras. For the North, I look at the increasing activism of courts, to the detriment of many state and local legislatures, in creating and expanding the use of the labor injunction. For the South, I look at how the states, supported by the courts, created a system of peonage that directly affected large portions of southern labor and lasted well into the 20th century.     

新《劳动合同法》的实施对劳动力供给的影响研究

新<劳动合同法>的实施引起社会各界的广泛关注,新法对劳动力供给究竟产生何种影响,目前国内尚无此问题微观角度的实证分析.本文采用个体跨期最优模型,通过计算劳动力供给跨期弹性,分析新法对劳动力供给的影响.结果发现,在新<劳动合同法>实施后,劳动力的跨期弹性变小.新法的实施达到了建立和谐稳定的劳动关系和稳定劳动力供给的目的.     

Job Creation and Job Destruction in a Regulated Labor Market: The Case of Austria

We study Austrian job reallocation in the period of 1978 to 1998, using a large administrative dataset where we correct for spurious entries and exits of firms. We find that on average 9 out of 100 randomly selected jobs were created within the last year, and that about 9 out of randomly selected 100 jobs were destroyed within the next year. Hence, the magnitude of Austrian job flows seems to be comparable to other countries, similar to the well-known results of Davis et al. (1996) for the United States. Job reallocation appears to be driven primarily by idiosyncratic shocks. However, job creation increases significantly during cyclical upswings whereas job destruction rises in downturns. We also find substantial persistence of job creation and destruction. The pronounced pattern of job reallocation rates falling with firm size and age continues to hold when we use a set of controls. Finally, we show that – controlling for sector and firm size composition – Austrian job reallocation rates are only half the rates for the U.S. This result is not surprising given the impact of tighter regulation and labor law in Austria.     

马克思社会分工制度理论研析:一个视角和两个维度

基于分工和社会分工制度动态演进的视角,本文力图从纵、横两个维度揭示分工与技术进步、生产力发展、商品经济和迂回生产之间交互作用、循环累积的内在机制。在纵向上,探索不同社会形态下社会分工制度与商品经济和市场经济同步互动发展的历史演进规律;在横向上,从当代不同劳动分工形态共生并存和相互转化中考察社会分工制度的最新发展及其演进趋势,进而揭示和丰富马克思社会分工制度理论的科学内涵。在此基础上,回答与社会分工制度密切相关的几个问题,并引出相关结论。     

Do Women Have Different Labor Supply Behaviors? Evidence Based on Educational Groups in Uruguay

This study uses Uruguay’s historical fluctuation in real wages to set up a natural experiment to measure the relation between women’s labor supply and wages. Using data from the Continuous Household Surveys of the Uruguayan National Statistics Institute, for 1986–2010, it aims to identify and explain heterogeneity in the labor supply behavior of women with different educational backgrounds. It finds that all women groups seek to optimize their remunerated work allocation throughout their life cycle, although women’s labor behaviors vary depending on educational levels. The rising trend of women’s labor force participation is expected to continue; its implications at the intensive margin are ambiguous and depend on how women conciliate paid work with household responsibilities – especially women with less education. These results could inform present debates about designing public policies to facilitate women’s entry into the labor market and cater to their different wage profiles and household care demands.     

论当代全球劳动力的分化对中国的含义

当代全球劳动力日益分化为核心与边缘两个群体,劳动力市场的双元结构特征由于跨国资本的弹性生产措施而深化。中国在融入生产全球化的过程中也形成了劳动力双元结构。虽然中国通过承接劳动力密集型产业的转移,实现了农村劳动力的有效配置,全球劳动力分化的逻辑在中国被复制具有一定的合理性,但是边缘劳动力群体的不断膨胀将给中国的长期稳定发展带来诸多隐患。由于劳动力的分化只不过是全球生产体系重组的面向之一,因此只有在更广泛的全球资本主义生产体系变迁的背景下去寻求一种涵盖宏观制度层面、中观产业层面和微观企业层面的综合应对之道,才能扭转中国劳动力进一步分化的趋势。     

马克思没有"一般生产劳动"范畴

我们认为,马克思没有提出所谓的"一般生产劳动"范畴.全世界经济学界对于马克思生产劳动理论的百年误解都源于这个令人难以置信的误读.由此,可以得到三个"无关论":(1)生产劳动理论与劳动价值理论无关;(2)生产劳动理论与国民经济核算理论无关;(3)生产劳动理论与三次产业划分理论无关.     

Generalizing the New Interpretation of the Marxian Value Theory: A Simulation Analysis with Stochastic Profit Rate and Labor Heterogeneity

This article elucidates the relation between price and labor content in the context of generalizing the New Interpretation of Marxian value theory. We examine a generalized New Interpretation in a linear economic model introducing a differential value-creating capacity of different concrete labors, which regards price, value and the profit rate as random variables. Simulations are performed by constructing stochastic models with labor heterogeneity in two comparable ways. Considering that the standard New Interpretation suffers from the indeterminacy of the skilled labor reduction criterion without the assumption of an equalized rate of surplus value, it is hoped that the results of this analysis provide a research guideline for bridging the theoretical gap.     

我国劳动收入比重偏低的成因分析——基于劳动力市场的视角

近年来我国劳动收入在初次分配中的比重呈下降趋势。劳动收入比重偏低会对收入分配公平、消费投资平衡和经济增长质量产生负面影响。文章基于劳动力市场的视角对我国劳动收入比重偏低的成因进行了理论研究,并采用我国2000-2011年省级面板数据,构建了一个劳动收入比重决定模型,实证检验了经济发展过程中,二元经济转型和劳动力市场分割对我国劳动收入比重变化的影响。研究结果表明,我国劳动收入比重偏低是二元经济转型的特定发展阶段和劳动力市场分割的制约力量协同作用的结果。在二元经济转型过程中,劳动收入比重的变化趋势呈U型规律。我国劳动收入比重偏低的原因在于,劳动力市场城乡分割和劳动力市场行政垄断行业分割延缓了二元经济转型进程,增加了劳动收入比重在下降阶段的停留时间。因此,稳定我国劳动收入比重的关键是削弱劳动力市场分割,加快二元经济转型。     

我国劳动分配比例的变动趋势与影响因素——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

本文分析了我国劳动分配比例的变动趋势与影响因素,并运用1996-2006年省级面板数据估计了一个计量模型,估计结果表明,我国劳动分配比例下降的根本原因是二元经济条件下的巨大就业压力、不断提高的劳均资本和人力资本、工会在保护劳动者权益方面的缺位.该结果对不同的模型设置和样本选择具有很强的稳健性.进一步的研究还发现就业压力和劳均资本对劳动分配比例的负面影响在低发展水平组更大.     

Labor supply: Toward the construction of an alternative conception from post Keynesian and institutional economics

Post Keynesian and institutional economics have traditionally maintained a critical stance toward the orthodox model of labor supply, questioning many of its underlying assumptions. Nevertheless, this critical view has not led to the formulation of an alternative conception of labor supply that is sufficiently coherent and structured to be generally accepted within these branches of the literature. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the construction of such an alternative. To do so, the article starts by analyzing the relationship between the reasons that lead to individuals offering their labor and what that activity can bring to human beings in return. Secondly, the authors present an alternative concept of what workers contribute at work. They then analyze how the decision-making process regarding the labor supply actually takes place. Finally, the article concludes by briefly presenting certain additional points, in particular how differentiation is an inherent feature of the labor supply.     

劳动力全球化视角下的中国国际竞争力变化——来自亚洲新兴国家的比较

本文从劳动力全球化视角,根据相对劳动成本平价模型,以美国为比较基准,选择东亚4国和印度为比较对象,对1991—2008年的6国相对劳动平价、实际汇率变动和相对劳动成本变动做了系列研究。研究表明,就全时期而言,中国的实际汇率与基期相比已处于升值状态,而其他发展中国家贬值程度扩大;分时期看,在东南亚金融危机前,中国具有相对劳动成本优势。东南亚金融危机后,劳动成本优势持续下降。本次金融危机后,国际竞争力继续恶化。根据研究结果,认为人民币不具升值空间,保持汇率稳定是当前的最优策略。     

自我生产政体：“代耕农”及其“近阈限式耕作”

以往利用劳动过程理论分析中国新工人阶级的学者,将分析的经验对象聚焦于工场下的劳动者,却无意中搁置了那些没有明确劳资关系,却同样是为资本主义生产体系服务并被隐性剥削的劳工群体。本文通过展示“代耕农”群体,揭示了“世界工厂”中的另外一种生产形态：自我生产政体。同时,通过引进人类学的“阈限”概念,一面展现这种微型政体的基本特征,一面试图揭示这个现象中所附体的霸权,在没有硝烟的劳动现场里管中窥豹。     

企业使用机器人导致劳资纠纷后是否继续推进机器换人?－－基于101家制造业企业的定性比较分析

以机器换人为代表的工业智能化是制造业企业提质增效的重要手段,但也带来了不可忽视的社会后果,如裁员和劳资纠纷等。在这样的压力下,企业能否继续推进机器换人成为了一项重要研究课题。采取利益相关者视角,通过对101家中小型制造业企业的组态分析,发现政府补贴、竞争强度、客户类型、盈利能力、企业类型和企业成熟度6个因素相互作用,形成了4条扩大机器换人的路径以及与之构成因果非对称性的4条不扩大机器换人的路径。本文一方面深入剖析了利益相关者对企业的异质性影响,另一方面也为企业在面临劳资纠纷时是否继续扩大机器换人提供了理论指导。