Merger Premia and National Differences in Accounting for Goodwill

We examine the effects of international accounting diversity on the market for corporate control with particular reference to whether national differences in the treatment of purchased goodwill are associated with differences in premia offered by U.K. as opposed to U.S. acquirers of U.S. targets. We find merger premia associated with U.K. acquisitions to be consistently higher than those for U.S. acquisitions. Moreover, higher premiums offered by U.K. acquirors appear to be associated with not having to amortize goodwill to earnings. The evidence provided here suggests that national differences in accounting impact differentially on managerial behavior.     

商誉本质误解及其会计误区之我见

本文分析了理论界和实务界对商誉本质的误解以及商誉的会计处理中存在的误区。本文认为,将商誉人为划分为“自创”和“外购”是商誉会计理论始终存在“瓶颈”的根源。商誉本质上是一种自创价值,外购只是商誉价值在某个特殊时点上得以实现的一种途径,而不能作为商誉的主要来源。然而,商誉会计理论中对“外购商誉”与“商誉”的表述导致了概念的混淆,对本质的误解必然导致会计计量上存在误区。只有澄清商誉的本质,否则商誉会计理论的“瓶颈”将永远不会突破。     

企业合并中税务和会计处理差异研究

社会经济发展条件下,企业合并已经成为企业扩大规模、提高竞争优势的重要途径。由于会计与税务在服务对象、工作目标中存在差异,导致企业控制成本与事务处理难度加大。论文结合实际情况,根据企业合并的概念解析,遵循企业合并中的税会处理原则,提出税会差异产生的问题与涉税风险,最终提出有效解决建议,以期为企业成功合并提供帮助。     

合并商誉减值测试计量的比较研究

财政部新颁布的《企业会计准则第8号——资产减值》,首次对合并商誉的减值测试作出了相关的规定。合并商誉减值的计量取决于三个关键因素:减值测试的测试单元、减值测试的计量基础以及减值测试的测试方法。本文拟结合合并商誉的特点,将我国准则与国际会计准则委员会以及美国关于这方面的相关规定进行比较,并提出我们的建议。     

Foreign Acquisitions in the United States and the Effect on Shareholder Wealth

The research presented here indicates that foreign acquisitions in the United States in the form of mergers, have resulted in abnormal returns to targets of nearly 22 percent, a figure not much higher than in domestic mergers. Sell-off abnormal returns have averaged nearly three percent, substantially higher than the average 0.7 to 1.66 percent in the domestic case. We find that merger abnormal returns have been substantially higher in our first subperiod (1982–84) than in the second (1985–87). For selloffs, our results are reversed-abnormal returns have been higher in the second subperiod. In cross-sample tests, we find the Japanese paying the highest merger premiums/abnormal returns, while the sell-off abnormal returns are highest when Germans are the buyers. We also find significant differences across industry samples but not across combination type samples. We do not find a significant relationship of these abnormal returns to the firm's accounting and financial variables.     

频繁并购重组与异常审计收费

以2012—2017年A股上市公司为样本,采用异常审计费用衡量审计师对上市公司频繁并购重组的风险溢价,探究企业频繁并购重组与审计师风险溢价收费的关系,研究发现企业频繁并购重组会导致审计师风险溢价提高。从商誉和盈余管理角度探究其路径机制发现,商誉和真实盈余管理是频繁并购重组导致更高审计师风险溢价两个重要中介变量,而应计盈余管理并没有发挥中介作用,即频繁并购重组企业操纵利润的手段倾向于采用真实盈余管理,而非应计盈余管理。     

Evolution of intangible asset accounting: Evidence from Australia

This study investigates how the adoption of IFRS in Australia has changed the accounting for goodwill and identifiable intangible assets (IIA). Based on unique hand‐collected data for 802 Australian firm‐years during 2000–2010, we find that expenses related to IIA are higher under IFRS, which is consistent with the view that IFRS accounting policies for IIA are stricter than those under Australian domestic accounting standards pre‐2005 (AGAAP). Our results show two effects that accompany higher IIA expenses under IFRS, which reduce a negative impact on earnings: (i) lower goodwill expenses, and (ii) a shift in recognition of IIA from those with finite useful life to IIA with indefinite useful life. Finally, our market value analyses suggest that the market does not treat mechanical goodwill amortization as a genuine expense, but does treat as genuine expenses discretionary impairment charges, and more lenient IIA amortization under AGAAP. Our results are in line with prior Australian studies claiming that imposing stricter accounting rules for intangible assets under IFRS tends to diminish the quality of investors' information set.     

商誉会计处理探讨

在购买法下,由于控股公司购买被控股公司的价格可能大于或小于所获得被控股公司净资产的公允价值,通常会出现合并商誉问题。如何处理合并商誉,各国会计界有不同的理解,在实务上也存在很大的区别。其次,关于自创商誉也各有说法。文中将各种观点集合起来进行比较,并发表自己的意见共大家探讨。     

不同交易结构下并购的税收成本分析

财税〔2009〕59号文规定了并购特殊性税务处理及一般性税务处理的条件。自政策出台以来,经过了多年实践,但未有不同交易结构下并购的税收成本研究。论文从定量角度分析不同交易结构下并购的税收成本差异,当不考虑非税因素和满足一定的假设条件下,股份支付比例越高,税收成本越低,希望对并购的税收筹划有一定的指导作用。     

并购中的业绩承诺条款与股价崩盘风险

本文以2008—2016年有业绩承诺的A股上市公司为样本,研究了并购中业绩补偿承诺条款的设置与兑现对并购业绩的影响,以及并购业绩未达预期产生的经济后果。研究发现,设定高增长率的业绩目标对并购业绩完成具有负面作用,采用股份补偿、非累计补偿、减值测试补偿以及双向业绩对赌对并购业绩实现具有积极作用。在承诺兑现过程中,承诺后期业绩目标压力更大,业绩完成率更低。在业绩承诺完成的经济后果方面,本文发现,未完成业绩承诺的并购相对于完成承诺的并购具有更高的股价崩盘风险,进行盈余管理的并购相对于未进行盈余管理的并购具有更高的股价崩盘风险。     

美国高校法务会计教育现状考察

法务会计提供的调查与诉讼服务构成对传统审计的重要补充。为了培养合格的法务会计人才,美国高校法务会计教育已从单一课程设置向学历与学位教育等多类型系统范式演进。西弗吉尼亚大学主持的全美欺诈与法务会计课程标准化运动积累了丰富经验,可为法务会计高等教育的发展提供借鉴。     

Equity block transfers in transition economies: Evidence from Poland

This paper investigates valuation effects of share block transfers and employs agency theory to explain the determinants of equity block premia. A sample of transactions from Poland is used to measure benefits and costs of ownership concentration. Block premia are found to be remarkably low and comparable with those for the most developed economies. Shareholders expect to benefit from intensified monitoring and from corporate restructuring resulting from block acquisitions. Still, shareholders are wary of expropriation stemming from the extraction of private benefits of control by block holders. The opportunities to extract such benefits depend on relative power of investors.     

International Standardisation and Harmonisation: a New Measurement Technique

We argue in this paper that it is the availability of alternative accounting treatments and the use by individual firms of the appropriate method that produces financial statements which are comparable. Accordingly, international harmony in accounting should be seen as a state in which firms throughout the world are able to use an internationally-recognised accounting treatment that is appropriate to their circumstances without being constrained to do otherwise by local accounting regulations or other requirements to adopt practices confined to particular nations. The paper distinguishes harmonisation from standardisation and presents a method for measuring harmonisation which allows for choice between alternative accounting treatments. The statistical model also takes account of the stylised fact that accounting treatments are not mutually exclusive, and the method is illustrated by an analysis of goodwill accounting practices in Europe.     

审计师会收取并购商誉风险溢价吗？——基于代理成本和经营风险视角

并购是企业提高竞争力的重要手段,但近期并购商誉中对未来预期的风险暴露引起资本市场震动。以2008—2018年中国A股上市公司为研究样本,实证分析并购商誉对审计费用的影响。研究结果表明：并购商誉与审计费用正相关,即审计师能够成功识别商誉风险并在审计费用上加以反应,体现出审计制度的有效性。通过作用机制检验发现,代理成本和经营风险在并购商誉对审计费用的影响中发挥了部分中介作用。进一步考虑外部监督的调节效应,发现机构投资者能调节代理成本和经营风险的中介效应。     

合并商誉本质及会计核算方法的探讨

本文从商誉的概念和构成要素、企业并购与合并商誉的联系等方面入手,对商誉的本质进行了探讨。在此基础上,对我国新会计准则关于商誉处理的方法进行了分析,解释了新旧会计准则关于商誉会计处理的差异,分析了新会计准则关于商誉处理的合理性,认为新会计准则关于商誉的会计处理方法能够更真实地反映商誉的本质特征。同时对新会计准则关于商誉会计处理的操作性方面的不足进行了说明。     

客户-审计师不匹配关系与企业商誉

以2007—2018年我国A股上市公司为样本，探讨客户-审计师不匹配关系对企业商誉的影响及作用机制。研究发现：客户-审计师向上不匹配关系对并购商誉泡沫具有抑制效应，客户-审计师向下不匹配关系则加剧了企业商誉泡沫。随着内外部治理环境的改善，客户-审计师不匹配关系对企业并购商誉的影响有所削弱。上述结论在使用替代指标、剔除干扰样本、考虑内生性问题后依然成立。此外，进一步研究发现,客户-审计师向上不匹配关系能显著降低企业商誉减值；但客户-审计师向下不匹配关系对商誉减值影响不显著。     

An Analysis of the Inward Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions in the U.K.: A Macroeconomic Perspective

The incidence of cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&As) has accelerated over the past two decades. Yet previous empirical work relating to CBM&As has been confined to firm‐specific factors. This is against the backdrop that researchers have not been able to develop a coherent theory explaining the increasing trends of CBM&As activity. Building on prior studies, this study attempts to extend the few existing studies by using a simple empirical nonlinear framework to analyse the number of CBM&As inflows between 1987 and 2008 into the U.K. from a macroeconomic perspective. The main findings are that the response of the inflow is asymmetric as there is more persistence during stock market booms versus recessions. There are asymmetries with respect to relative prices suggesting that merger inflow activity appears to be higher once the stock prices rise above a threshold level of 8 per cent. Other factors which have significant bearing on CBM&As inflows are the rate of inflation and growth in real GDP.     

Coping with International Accounting Diversity: Fund Managers' Views on Disclosure,Reconciliation, and Harmonization*

In this paper we examine the practices of representative samples of U.S.- and U.K.-based international investment managers in order to determine whether and how they are affected by accounting diversity and, therefore, by the presence or absence of quantitative reconciliation, and what their views are towards greater disclosure, reconciliation, or harmonization. We find that all three forms of reduced diversity-more uniform disclosure, quantitative reconciliation to U.S. GAAP, and international harmonization are viewed as good things by managers. None, however, appears to be critical in the investment process. Reconciliation is a costly requirement and we conclude that the SEC's insistence on reconciliation is not well-founded and that other means, especially greater emphasis on mutual recognition subject to certain minimum standards of disclosure and presentation, would be more effective.     

Valuing technological synergies in mergers

Technological synergy in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) is achieved when there is an increase in value generated by combining the stock of complementary technologies of acquirers and targets, as well as utilizing target’s patents to initiate or defend lawsuits against competitors. Using U.S. patent data, we provide quantitative measures of these two sources of technological synergy. We find that these measures of technological synergy are important considerations of acquiring firms and capital market in valuing target firms’ innovative assets, as the measures are positive determinants of merger premium and total synergy gain. The expected total gains of acquirers’ and targets’ shareholders from technological synergy decrease with the difficulties of post-merger integration as proxied by geographical distance between acquirer and target. Our technological synergy measures are also good predictors of post-merger realized synergy, i.e., increase in patent outputs in the overlapped technology classes and market share.     

商誉会计处理探析

企业商誉的价值越来越受到经营者和投资者及其他相关人员的关注,企业商誉的会计处理又是一个特殊的问题。本文在参考《企业会计准则》和现行会计处理模式及惯例的基础上,介绍了商誉的概念,对商誉的确认、计量及减值损失的会计处理进行了探析,以期能帮助使用者更好地理解商誉。