On the measurement of entry rates

The purpose of this paper is to explicitly examine the impact that two distinct methods used to measure entry have on identifying the determinants of entry. The two approaches can be termed as the ecological approach and the labor market approach. Based on new business startups in 75 regional markets in West Germany, we find that the two different methods for measuring entry yield disparate results. Most strikingly, we find that the ecological approach yields a positive relationship between unemployment and startup activity, while the labor market approach points to a negative impact of unemployment on the startup of new firms. By decomposing these two measures we offer a reconciliation of what appears to be a measurement contradiction.     

资本与地方发展的研究述评——基于发展地理与社会文化地理的整合框架

目前学界对于"资本"大致持两种研究视角,即将其视为一种生产要素或一种生产关系,由此,资本作用于地方发展的地理学研究也存在发展地理学和社会文化地理学两种对应的研究视角。随着关于地方发展的研究不断深进,两种研究视角逐渐非线性地交互作用,亟待在一个整合框架下提出新的综合范式,以推进地方发展研究的理论创新和实践分析。基于此,文章重新梳理了发展地理学和社会文化地理学两个学科视角下的资本与地方发展之间的相关研究,认为可以在场域空间视阈下将两个视角整合在同一个诠释框架之中,并基于该整合框架提出三个未来应关注的研究要点。文章的相关分析有利于推进当前中国发展战略的实施,且尝试提高中国人文地理学对于空间—区域发展问题的理论解释力。     

关系市场与关系营销组合:关系营销的一个理论模型

关系营销是营销理论界的一个热门课题，本文重点讨论两个问题，一个是关系营销的市场问题，另一个是关系营销的组合问题，关系营销的市场问题。实际上是要回答向谁进行关系营销；而关系营销的组合问题，则是回答如何进行关系营销，这两个问题既是关系营销的基本问题，也是关系营销研究中较为薄弱的环节，本文在文献回顾的基础上，对这两个问题提出了自己的看法，并提出了关系营销的一个理论模型。     

两类工业研究院协同创新项目治理比较

工业技术研究院（简称“工研院”）包括由传统科研单位转型和由多主体直接组建两种类型。工研院是项目型组织，合适的治理机制是项目成功的基础。针对不同工研院项目治理特征，设定合适的治理机制是当前研究亟待解决的问题。鉴于利益相关方通过契约关系和信息关系形成项目治理网络且其能够反映治理特征，可借助该网络对两类工研院项目治理进行比较。基于社会网络分析（SNA）方法，从网络整体和网络关键节点两个方面设计网络评价指标，选取两类工研院典型项目构建相应的治理网络，通过量化比较，分析项目治理特征和问题，最终提出针对性建议。     

代际继承性:健康投资的一个特征分析

以往健康投资的基本特征没有考虑影响健康投资效果的时间递延性及投资具有的双重载体之间的关联性。健康投资应该还具有代际继承性特征。就此特征的存在分别用经验与函数方法进行了分析。分析了由代际继承性引发的人生第一笔生育健康投资。选择性健康投资和一般生育性健康投资都具有经济的两重性,对于个人、家庭和社会具有积极的效用。     

Forestland rights institutions and forest management of Vietnamese households

This article aims to unbundle the influence of prevailing forestland rights institutions on the forest management behaviours of Vietnamese households. Based on a sample of 398 observations, we investigate the impact of two dimensions of forestland rights institutions (i.e. the formality and the duration) of two types of forest (i.e. production and protection forests) on two types of forest management behaviours (i.e. clearing and improving forest). We find that different dimensions of forestland rights institutions have different impacts on the forest management behaviour of households.     

Implications of nurse-physician relations: report of a successful intervention

Given the evidence linking medical errors to ineffective communication, strategies for improving communication among health care professionals must be implemented. The purpose of this article was to examine the effect of a collaborative intervention on improving communication patterns between nurses and physicians on two study units. The intervention consisted of two nurses and two physicians (per unit) meeting together (8 hours total) to collaboratively develop a solution to communication issues on their respective units. Physicians scored significantly higher on reports of openness of communication within groups, openness between groups, accuracy between groups, and collaboration between groups. Collaboration reported among nurses and physicians improved for both professions, with significance reached for physicians (p = 0.031). Strategies must be identified to break down the barriers set by the current culture, and that expedite the development of a team-centered culture supporting collaborative relations among health care professionals.     

Optimal saving in the presence of two risks

We examine optimal saving in the presence of two small risks: income risk and a background risk. First, we compute the necessary and sufficient condition for a positive precautionary saving, showing that it depends on two terms capturing respectively the direct effect of income risk and the interaction between the two risks. Second, we examine the necessary and sufficient condition for a positive extra-saving due to the contemporaneous presence of the two risks. We show that this condition also depends on a term capturing the direct effect of background risk and that it can hold independently of the previous one.      

An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining

There are many experimental studies of bargaining behavior, but suprisingly enough nearly no attempt has been made to investigate the so-called ultimatum bargaining behavior experimentally. The special property of ultimatum bargaining games is that on every stage of the bargaining process only one player has to decide and that before the last stage the set of outcomes is already restricted to only two results. To make the ultimatum aspect obvious we concentrated on situations with two players and two stages. In the ‘easy games’ a given amount c has to be distributed among the two players, whereas in the ‘complicated games’ the players have to allocate a bundle of black and white chips with different values for both players. We performed two main experiments for easy games as well as for complicated games. By a special experiment it was investigated how the demands of subjects as player 1 are related to their acceptance decisions as player 2.     

两种高分子保水材料对盆栽甘蓝影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了两种高分子化合物聚丙烯酸钠(sodium polyacrylate,SP)与聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide,PAM)对甘蓝生长的影响。结果表明:在土壤中施入2/1000的两种高分子材料均能抑制土壤蒸发,砂土、粘土蒸发强度分别较对照降低35.5%、22.8%;甘蓝叶绿素受两种材料的影响不显著,受肥料影响较大;两种高分子材料施入土壤中增加了甘蓝产量、降低了根冠比,地上、地下生物量砂土较对照分别增加了61.1%、16.1%,粘土分别增加了55.2%、28.7%,根冠比砂土较对照平均降低了26.9%,粘土降低16%;PAM与SP使砂土容重较对照降低了13.9%,而粘土仅降低了4.1%;单施高分子处理水分利用效率平均较对照增加59.1%,与肥料混合使用时增加77.1%。总体来看,PAM与SP作用效果相近。     

A Theoretical Reexamination of Privatization: Assessing its Welfare Impacts

Privatization has been one of the significant public policies adopted in the last two decades. Previous studies have focussed on efficacy gains at the firm and industry levels. This paper intends to reconsider the distributive impacts of privatization on the economy as a whole from a theoretical perspective. Specifically, it supposes an economy with two goods, two producers and two consumers, in which it is assumed that one of the consumers is not able to obtain one good that is regarded as a necessity. Since one basis of government intervention is to provide necessity to people who would not otherwise be able to obtain it, government intervention into production is assumed to satisfy this purpose. Using comparative statics, the paper analyzes how the welfare of two consumers is affected by this intervention, and shows that intervention can increase the welfare of some consumers and social welfare in general.     

学术创业场域中的双重逻辑

对创业型大学的褒贬不一给创业型大学建设和学术创业带来巨大阻力。从“价值—理性—行为”三维框架探索学术创业场域中存在彼此冲突的双重逻辑：知识生产的学术逻辑和知识应用的商业逻辑。同时，采用大学自我实现和满足社会发展需要的逻辑对其进行有效整合，促进两个逻辑的价值融生，增强两个逻辑的通约性，促成两个逻辑的行动互洽。     

排污权交易条件下污水处理商投资行为分析

基于排污权交易制度,运用Hotelling模型,在双寡头垄断专业污水处理市场中引入竞优机制,分析专业污水处理企业的投资动机。结果表明:在条状城市中,两企业的建厂选址策略受双方边际成本及单位污水运输费的影响;两寡头垄断企业竞优的结果存在两种情形,一种是两企业分别选择在城市两端建厂的策略,一种是边际成本较小的企业在选址上具有主动权、有多种选择策略;双方关于边际成本的竞优博弈具有直接效应和策略效应。     

跨国公司的进入模式与技术转移

跨国公司对东道国进行直接投资主要有两种模式：绿地投资和并购。本文通过构建一个简单的理论模型对跨国公司如何在这两种进入模式之间进行选择，在不同的进入模式下跨国公司的技术转移水平有何不同。以及跨国公司进入模式的选择和技术转移水平受到哪些因素的影响等问题进行了研究。在理论研究的基础上并且结合中国的实际情况，本文提出了有关促进跨国公司提高对华技术转移水平的政策建议。     

双边间接网络效应对平台产品扩散与定价的作用研究

本文在BASS扩散模型的基础上,引入双边间接网络效应的作用,建立平台产品的扩散模型。研究发现:双边间接网络效应产生潜在的市场规模扩张,其和市场单边自扩散共同作用,使得平台产品的扩散形态可能呈单峰或多峰形状。按双边扩散表现为相互制约还是相互促进,平台产品市场扩散可分为潜在市场规模扩张起飞前和潜在市场规模扩张起飞后两个阶段。平台运营者需要正确判断产品扩散所处的阶段,谨慎制定正确的定价策略。     

On The Allocative Effects of Rent Seeking

We consider the effects of rent-seeking activities on resource allocation. Before rent-seeking activities take place, there are prior probabilities that an object will be given to one of several agents. The posterior probability depends on prior probabilities and the expenses incurred by all agents. In the case of two agents who equally value the object, prior and posterior probabilities coincide, and thus rent seeking has no effect on resource allocation. If there are two agents with different valuations of the object or we have more than two agents, rent seeking matters and posterior probabilities reflect the valuations of the agents.     

规模、路径与动因:发展中国家企业的FDI行为探析

发展中国家的企业不仅关心如何通过FDI将利润最大化,也关心提高一般性经营资源的收益。本文应用二阶段理论,综合考虑两个市场、两个阶段和两种状态等因素,对优势企业和弱势企业的决策背景进行了比较,分析了制度学习效应、资源转移效应和国内市场竞争效应等发展中国家企业FDI动因,建立了弱势企业FDI规模的决策模型,该模型也可以用于发展中国家企业FDI行为的路径选择。     

领导力的双要素与沟通

本文分析了以往学者们提出的领导力的概念和内涵．提出了“领导力的双要素内涵”的主张,即领导力具备着由对“事”的决策力和对“人”的凝聚力这两个要素的内涵。进而建立领导力的双要素模型,通过模型分析双要素决策力与凝聚力之间的关系。本文指出．提高领导力的一个重要因素为沟通．通过加强信息沟通可提高领导对“事”的决策力、通过加强情感沟通可提高领导者对被领导者的凝聚力．进而提高领导力。     

Exports,investments and economic development of pre-accession countries of the European Union: an empirical investigation of Bulgaria and Romania

This paper attempts to analyse the relationship between exports, investments and economic development in two pre-accession countries of the European Union, Bulgaria and Romania. For investigation of this relationship a multivariate autoregressive VAR model is used. The results of cointegration analysis showed that there is one cointegrated vector among exports, investments and economic growth for the two countries. Granger causality tests based on error correction models (ECM) indicated that there is a ‘strong Granger causal’ relation between economic growth and exports as well as between investments and exports for the two countries. In addition, economic development and capital accumulation in an economy seem to have just as much of an influence on exports as exports have on capital accumulation and economic development.     

Does Centralization Affect the Number and Size of Lobbies?

Previous research has shown that the effect of fiscal centralization is to reduce lobbying. However empirical evidence suggests that this is not always the case. This paper attempts to explain the empirical evidence in a two‐jurisdiction political economy model of endogenous lobby formation and policy determination. We measure lobbying in two ways: (i) the number of lobbies formed under the two settings and (ii) their impact on policy decisions. We show that, contrary to the predictions of the preference dilution effect, the effect of centralization on lobbying are ambiguous with respect to both measures of lobbies.