风险、不确定性与社会资本对促进农民工迁移的重要作用

农村劳动力迁移是指农业剩余劳动力向非农产业、农村剩余劳动力向城市及城镇的转移过程,涉及到产业与空间的双重转移。农业劳动力向非农产业转移是工业化过程的基本内容,农村劳动力向城市、城镇转移是城市化的主要特征,而工业化与城市化本身是相互联系、相互影响,是经济发展与结构变革同一过程的两个方面。劳动力转移的规模与速度,取决于农村地区发展的层次、农民劳动力的人力资本、城乡社会制度的衔接、工业化、城市化的发展等等。     

Job Creation and Job Destruction in a Regulated Labor Market: The Case of Austria

We study Austrian job reallocation in the period of 1978 to 1998, using a large administrative dataset where we correct for spurious entries and exits of firms. We find that on average 9 out of 100 randomly selected jobs were created within the last year, and that about 9 out of randomly selected 100 jobs were destroyed within the next year. Hence, the magnitude of Austrian job flows seems to be comparable to other countries, similar to the well-known results of Davis et al. (1996) for the United States. Job reallocation appears to be driven primarily by idiosyncratic shocks. However, job creation increases significantly during cyclical upswings whereas job destruction rises in downturns. We also find substantial persistence of job creation and destruction. The pronounced pattern of job reallocation rates falling with firm size and age continues to hold when we use a set of controls. Finally, we show that – controlling for sector and firm size composition – Austrian job reallocation rates are only half the rates for the U.S. This result is not surprising given the impact of tighter regulation and labor law in Austria.     

城市边缘区土地利用结构分析——以北京市大兴区为例

城市边缘区是土地利用结构变化最快的地区,分析其土地利用结构,掌握土地利用现状特征,了解土地利用存在问题,对合理进行土地利用规划、城市规划、促进城市社会经济持续发展具有重要意义.研究基于2006年北京市土地利用调查数据,利用多种数学模型分析大兴区土地利用结构特点,探讨其存在问题及土地合理利用建议.结果表明:研究区土地利用类型复杂多样;土地利用呈现"北城南乡"格局,具有明显城市边缘区特点;土地整体功能较强,但区域间土地利用结构不均衡,土地利用效率不高,后备资源不足.     

高度城市化地区的土地问题及其思考——以深圳为例

高度城市化地区的土地问题既有其自身的特殊性又反映出普遍的趋势.对我国最为典型的高度城市化地区——深圳的土地问题进行了分析,认为快速的城市化、二元城市化、土地管理制度改革的不彻底对于其土地问题的形成有着突出的影响,而解决高度城市化地区土地问题的关键在于加速土地管理制度改革、推动城市产业结构调整.     

Labour Market Regulations and the Sectoral Reallocation of Workers: The Case of Trade Reforms

In this paper I highlight the importance of incorporating the institutional features of local labour markets into the analysis of trade reforms. A trade reform is often deemed beneficial because the elimination of trade barriers allows labour to reallocate towards those sectors in the economy in which the country has a comparative advantage. The amount and speed of the reallocation, however, and the post-reform behaviour of output, productivity and welfare, will depend on how regulated the labour market is. First, I document that high firing costs slow down the intersectoral reallocation of labour after a trade reform. Second, in order to isolate the effect of firing costs on labour reallocation, output and welfare after a trade reform, I build a dynamic general equilibrium model. I find that if a country does not liberalize its labour market at the outset of its trade reform, the intersectoral reallocation of workers will be 30% slower, and as much as 30% of the gains in real output and labour productivity in the years following the trade reform will be lost. From a policy standpoint, the message is that while trade reforms are desirable, they need to be complemented by labour market reforms in order to be fully successful.     

Ethnicity and Job Tenure in a Segmented Labour Market: The Case for New Zealand

The labour market experience of 1984–1992 turned on end the prevailing notion of 'personal security' within New Zealand, founded as it was upon guaranteed employment (and full-employment in the aggregate). This study examines, in a systematic fashion and within a dynamic setting, why job tenure varied consistently over this period between two ethnic groups, the first comprised of European/Pakeha workers, and the second New Zealand Maori and Pacific Islanders.
Econometric analyses of total, voluntary and involuntary separations indicate that the low relative job security of Maori/Pacific Islanders cannot be attributed solely to differential attributes that, on the one hand represent such individuals' gender/age distribution, qualifications, and conditions of employment, and on the other provide controls for the relative competitive positions of their employers. Rather, other factors, such as worker segmentation, are likely operative within the New Zealand labour market, conditions that, on net, work to the disadvantage of non-Europeans.     

户籍特征对城市劳动力市场状态的影响——以北京市为例

中国城市劳动力市场存在四种不同户籍特征的劳动力群体——本地非农业户籍、本地农业户籍、外地非农业户籍和外地农业户籍劳动力。根据对北京市2005年1%人口抽样调查数据的分析,发现在上述四种户籍特征的劳动适龄人口中,劳动参与率和就业率逐次上升,而失业率则逐次下降。进一步的经济计量分析发现,户籍特征对劳动适龄人口的市场状态具有显著影响,与本市非农业户籍相比,包括本市农业户籍、外地农业户籍、外地非农业户籍等在内的其他各种户籍特征都不易于使劳动适龄人口处于失业和退出劳动力市场状态,户籍身份的差异确实对劳动适龄人口的劳动力市场状态产生了显著影响。     

谁是市场经济的投资主体——解析洛阳东郊电厂的投资悲剧

计划经济的时代过去了,但计划经济的思想却顽固地残留在某些人的头脑中。洛阳东郊电厂从1992年开工建设,国家共投资710O万元,按照原计划和国际惯例,这样的小型电厂仅需要10个月到一年半时间建成并投入使用。但东郊电厂建了3年后,由于资金短缺(计划投资1.2亿)停工。建厂10年,投资连利息是1.3亿元,价值8000多万元的设备裸露荒野、丢失严重,仅从农村征用的180亩土地每年的收成损失就达100多万元,而洛阳东郊电厂至今仍是一个连图     

A Case Study of the Dual Labor Market Hypothesis

This paper is about corporations and the principles by which they are guided. The focus is on conceptualization of control issues, and changes in such conceptualizations over time. Among individuals who are in a position to affect the overall direction of corporations, there are broadly shared views of the overall orientation that should be adopted. Such “conceptions of control” are a response to important contingencies in the firm's institutional environment. In the United States the most broadly shared conception of control currently is a particularly narrow one, focusing on financial measures of performance. This has not always been the case: conceptions of control are subject to evolutionary change over time. The paper traces such changes, evaluates the current situation and its relation to shareholders, and speculates as to the possibility of a future change in a more socially conscious direction.     

交通信号灯与拍卖机制——对市场与制度关系的一个案例研究

肖特的交通博弈模型表明,当还不具备足够的技术条件有效降低交易成本的情况下,更为可行的制度可以成为价格机制的替代,然而其模型并不足以证明制度与市场价格机制的替代关系。现代技术条件使得十字路口价格机制的实现成为可能,因此也表明了制度与市场价格机制并非简单的替代关系。模型的发展演变反映了奥地利学派的自发市场秩序观更为具有解释力。     

"城中村"的住房状况:以宁波为例

随着农村流入城市的人口的快速增长,我国部分地区出现了所谓的城中村现象.对此,我们调查了宁波市鄞州区的两个近郊村落流动人口家庭的住房状况,并将之与联合国人居署对贫民窟的定义进行比较后发现：在人均住房面积、卫生设施和住房使用权等方面,城中村均达不到联合国人居署的标准;而在水电、道路等基础设施和住房质量等方面,城中村则明显优于其他发展中国家的贫民窟.针对这种结果,本文提出了解决问题的思路.