流域矿业开采引发的土地利用空间冲突及优化配置

研究目的:揭示流域内采矿及土地利用与生态环境的空间冲突问题,对区域土地资源优化配置有重要作用。研究方法:以山西省亳清河流域为研究区,利用GIS技术并构建空间冲突测度模型,对流域土地利用空间冲突水平进行评估,根据评估结果划分5个等级,并将流域大致分为冲突区和非冲突区;通过参与式农户调查,将冲突区划分矿业环境特殊调控区、矿业生态复垦区、城镇优化建设区、城乡发展协调区和生态农业协调区5亚区,非冲突区划分现代农业发展区、生态农业种植区、林果种植保育区、湿地廊道保育区、生态农业后备区和生态涵养区6亚区;结合各区特点提出了适合流域的人—地—矿协同发展模式。研究结果:冲突高发地集中于采矿活动频繁区域,亳清河上游是矿区与城镇集聚地,冲突水平高于中下游;流域土地利用冲突功能区优化建设空间80%以上属土地利用总体规划允许建设区,湿地及生态空间70%以上属禁止建设区,分区结果基本符合土地利用总体规划布局。研究结论:生态风险模型测算结果较好反映流域冲突特点,进行公众参与调查,利于冲突诊断和合理规划流域三生空间。     

县域土地生态空间管控红线划定的方法研究 ——以江苏省金坛区为例

研究目的:以江苏省金坛区为例,基于斑块—基质—廊道生态网格,探讨县域土地生态空间管控红线划定的方法,以期提升区域生态功能,为其他区域土地生态空间管控红线划定提供方法借鉴。研究方法:采用最小累积阻力模型构建阻力面,采用最小路径法识别出潜在生态廊道,并基于重力模型最终确定重要生态廊道。研究结果:金坛区形成了主次分明、点线面要素齐全的土地生态空间管控红线区域,面积占金坛区总面积的44.58%,其中金坛区重点保护区域占金坛区总面积的23.67%,并以此形成了源头严防、过程严管、责任追究的红线管控制度体系。研究结论:基于斑块—基质—廊道生态网格划定的县域土地生态空间管控红线,可为区域土地生态保护提供重要参考。     

干旱区内陆河流域未利用地开发生态风险评价及预测*——以开都河流域为例

[目的]探析开都河流域在未利用地开发过程中生态风险指数的变化特征,为西北干旱区内陆河流域土地利用结构调整与生态保护修复协调发展提供建议。[方法]文章采用PSR模型构建基于14个指标框架的流域未利用地开发生态风险评价指标体系;通过测度综合生态风险指数法进行时空视角的特征变化与格局划分评价;并运用灰色预测模型前瞻性模糊预测该区域未来4年的生态风险变化态势。[结果]2009—2016年开都河流域未利用地开发生态风险整体呈波动上升趋势,生态风险程度由较低下降至低生态风险水平,随后上升至一般程度。这是因为土地开发利用对生态环境造成压力,但在政府相应生态保护政策的出台落实下又逐步缓解,生态系统结构和功能好转明显,抵御风险能力得以提升。预测结果显示2017—2020年开都河流域生态风险将由一般生态风险程度上升至较高程度,因此需要采取适当的管理措施来消减生态风险发生的可能性。[结论]开都河流域作为沙漠中典型的绿洲生态系统,生态环境较为脆弱,通过未利用地的差别化开发、鼓励零星分散的开发模式以及细分不同地类开发的生态补偿设置等方式路径,以期缓解降低干旱区内陆河流域未利用地开发带来的生态风险。     

西部干旱绿洲区城市土地生态风险预警及管控研究——以新疆乌鲁木齐市为例

西部干旱绿洲区是典型生态脆弱区,土地生态风险反映区域社会经济与土地利用之间关系,揭示绿洲土地利用变化与土地生态环境演变关系,有利于合理调整土地利用结构,为实现土地可持续利用、绿洲生态文明建设提供依据。整理分析2006—2015年土地、社会经济数据,从四方面构建评价指标体系,运用定量和定性相结合分析方法,分析乌鲁木齐市绿洲土地生态风险变化规律,揭示2016—2025年土地生态风险警情;研究结论:随着社会经济的发展,绿洲土地生态风险预警随之提升;最后提出相应土地生态风险管控机制:(1)统筹城乡发展,合理确定人口规模;(2)调整绿洲产业结构,提升区域经济发展机制;(3)改善绿洲生态环境,提升土地生态保护机制;(4)调整绿洲土地利用结构,提升土地基础保障机制。绿洲土地生态风险预警研究有助于对区域土地生态安全服务,为区域政府提出相关科学生态保护政策依据。     

基于全排列多边形综合图示法的唐山市土地利用多功能性评价

研究目的:探索土地多功能性评价方法,为区域土地持续利用提供支撑。研究方法:全排列多边形综合图示法。研究结果:(1)1995—2015年唐山土地利用总功能快速提高,功能之间协调性呈减弱趋势,土地利用功能日趋多元化,重心由生活功能转变为生态功能;(2)土地生产和生活功能经历了快速提高阶段,由低度持续转变为中高度和中度持续,生态功能由缓慢退化跃入快速提升阶段,由低度持续转变为中度持续;(3)农业生产、就业支撑和生态调节功能先退化后快速提升,资源供给功能持续降低,经济发展、交通保障、社会保障等功能均呈现快速提高趋势。研究结论:全排列多边形综合图示法可为区域土地利用多功能评价提供参考和方法借鉴。     

江苏省土地利用程度与区域生态效率关系研究

研究目的:以江苏省为例,研究土地利用程度对区域生态效率的影响机制,提出合理利用土地、提高区域生态效率的政策建议。研究方法:将相关概念进行操作化定义后,基于江苏1990—2007年的数据,建立方程进行回归分析。研究结果:随着土地利用程度的不断加强,江苏省的生态效率随之提高,二者呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.683;土地生态系统的生态服务价值却随着土地利用程度的加强而下降,二者呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.911。研究结论:合理的土地利用程度,能够确保土地生态系统持续地提供各类生态产品和服务,进而促进区域生态效率的提高,反之,土地的粗放式利用使土地利用类型比例失衡,再加之缺乏维系土地生态系统可持续性的措施,会导致土地生态系统服务功能的减弱,并最终制约区域生态效率的提高。     

浅谈城市土地利用生态规划

理论分析要了解城市土地利用生态规划,就要先明确土地生态规划的概念。本文采用吴次芳等编著的《土地生态学》的定义,即以协调人—自然—土地为核心,按照土地资源可持续利用的要求,对一定区域的土地生态系统进行开发、利用、整治和保护所制定的时间安排和空间部署。土地生态规划总是在一定的区域范围内进行的,更多研究的是一定区域内的土地生态系统长期运行发展的战略部署。将土地生态规划定位在城市,便是城市土地利用生态规划。城市土地利用生态规划以城市土地为对象,主要内容应包括以下方面:1.城市土地区位背景与社会经济发展态势对土地生…     

基于格网尺度的密云水库区域“三生”空间功能测度与时空变化分析

[目的]为有目标地进行土地利用调整、科学合理促进区域生态景观建设和生态环境保护提供参考。[方法]文章以北京市密云水库区域为研究对象,基于遥感影像解译的1993年和2016年土地利用现状图,分析了研究区土地利用类型的面积变化和相互转换特征;在剖析土地多功能性的基础上,构建了不同土地利用类型的生产、生活、生态用地的功能指数,从而对土地利用类型进行了"三生"空间的划分,并基于格网尺度揭示了研究区域"三生"空间时空变化规律。[结果](1) 1993—2016年密云水库区域土地利用类型主要为林地和水域,其面积变化以耕地、林地、草地和园地为主。其中,耕地和草地的面积减少,主要转换为园地;林地面积增加,主要来源于草地和荒土地;园地面积增加,主要来源于林地、耕地和草地;林地和园地之间相互转化的面积较大。(2)研究期间,密云水库区域"三生"空间相对稳定,生态功能一直是研究区域的主导功能,1993—2016年生产空间和生活空间扩张,生态空间略有缩小;不同级别保护区范围内的土地利用变化规律与总体变化较为一致,二级保护区范围内的变化相对大。[结论]研究结果可以为精细化评估区域"三生"空间时空变化做参考,并能服务于区域土地利用结构调整和可持续利用及区域生态建设。     

基于土地利用类型的绿色空间生态评估——以北京市通州区重点新城为例

研究目的:从土地利用的角度重新审视绿色空间的概念和内涵,建立基于土地利用类型的绿色空间生态评估体系,并将该方法体系应用于北京市通州新城的案例研究,度量绿色空间的生态系统服务功能价值。研究方法:生态系统服务价值评价方法、GIS技术、比较分析法。研究结论:基于土地利用类型的绿色空间生态评估,在土地利用规划及其相关生态规划中具有重要的实践意义,通州新城案例研究表明:通州绿色空间的主要生态功能在于废物处理、水源涵养、土壤形成与保护等非物质性生产方面;农田是通州绿色空间生态系统服务价值的最大贡献者,贡献率从2001年的47.4%下降到2004年的41.2%,林地贡献率则由14.7%提高到22.7%,其他各主要地类生态系统服务价值贡献比例随面积的增减也有显著的变化;河流湿地在提升区域绿色空间生态系统服务价值方面的贡献突出,改善水环境质量对建设通州“滨水宜居新城”具有重要意义。     

湟水流域典型县域土地可持续利用分区研究

运用GIS技术和数学模型方法,以湟水流域典型县域互助县为例,在分析研究区土地利用现状分析的基础上,重点分析了县域土地利用分区。结果表明:将研究区土地可持续利用分区划分为川水河谷粮、经、林高产稳产区、浅山中山水土保持农林区、半浅半脑丘陵农业稳产区、脑山中山农牧复合区、北部高山林牧发展区和中部盆地工业城镇建设区6个不同分区,并有针对性地提出了各区域的土地可持续利用方向。结合分区图和该县的具体情况,分区结果还是比较合理和切合实际的,可以为该县乃至整个湟水流域土地利用分区提供思路,对于湟水流域社会经济、生态的发展具有积极的意义。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.