Steuerflucht und Steueroasen

The current debate on tax planning has to distinguish between tax evasion and aggressive tax planning. While tax evasion is illegal and requires the enhanced exchange of information, measures against aggressive tax planning seem to be very complex and complicated. Tax havens’ benefits from tax haven activities are inversely related to the intensity of competition among tax havens. Once the set of tax havens narrows, each havens’ share of the business increases and its margins go up. This competition aspect makes initial successes easy but final success very difficult. Nevertheless, some authors argue that action against tax flight is inevitable. As tax flight is a multilateral phenomenon, coordinated initiatives by country groups appear particularly promising. Here the EU should be in the vanguard. Only automatic information exchange generates the transparency and leeway needed to eliminate income tax evasion and to permit countries to devise tax codes at their own discretion. Despite the European trend towards lower corporate taxes, an empirical analysis shows that German multinationals have increased their tax haven activities. Recent research suggests that this development might be explained by the increased usage of anti-tax avoidance measures by high-tax countries. The substitutive nature of different tax-avoidance schemes indicates that only a coordinated closing of loopholes for profit shifting would reduce the demand for tax-haven operations significantly.     

Challenging Masculinity in CSR Disclosures: Silencing of Women’s Voices in Tanzania’s Mining Industry

Guilt is a powerful emotion that is known to influence ethical decision-making. Nevertheless, the role of guilt cognitions in influencing restorative behaviour following an unethical action is not well understood. Guilt cognitions are interrelated beliefs about an individual’s role in a negative event. We experimentally investigate the joint impact of three guilt cognitions—responsibility for a decision, justification for a decision, and foreseeability of consequences—on a taxpayer’s decision to make a tax amnesty disclosure. Tax amnesties encourage delinquent taxpayers to self-correct to avoid severe penalties that would result if their tax evasion were discovered. Our findings suggest a three-way interaction effect such that taxpayers are likely to make tax amnesty disclosures when they foresee that they will be caught by the tax authority, unless they can diffuse responsibility for their evasion and justify their evasion. Implications for tax policy and tax professionals are discussed.     

隐性经济约束下的动态最优税负——基于状态空间模型的实证

隐性经济活动因其逃避税收监管而对宏观税负产生影响。隐性经济作为国民经济核算与监察的遗漏项,客观上起到了减税的作用。在隐性经济影响下,现实经济动态的非均衡性决定了最优税负也是时变的,并不存在一个固定不变的税负水平使经济增长最大化;最优税负是判断现实宏观税负高低的标准,当前税收并非我国经济增长的消减因素,说明宏观税负整体上是合适的。隐性经济领域是潜在的税源,结构性减税在考虑不同产业、不同部门之间税收平衡的同时,更应关注已观测经济与隐性经济税收负担的公平性。     

Gender, Exposure to Tax Knowledge, and Attitudes Towards Taxation; An Experimental Approach

This study reports findings of gender differences in tax attitude changes influenced by better tax knowledge. Male students are more exposed to tax knowledge in a way that makes them reconsider more easily their attitudes towards their own tax evasion, i.e. tax ethics, than their female peers. Male students get a significantly stricter attitude towards their own tax evasion. On the other hand, female students are more exposed to tax knowledge in a way that makes them reconsider their attitude towards other people's tax evasion than their male peers, i.e. they get a significantly stricter attitude towards others tax evasion. Improved tax knowledge significantly changed both male and female students attitude towards the fairness of the tax system, i.e. they considered the tax system to be more fair. Implications for ethical behaviour of taxpayers are highlighted.     

Fiscal consolidation with tax evasion and corruption

Cross-country evidence highlights the importance of tax evasion and corruption in determining the size of fiscal multipliers. We introduce these two features in a New Keynesian model and revisit the effects of fiscal consolidations. VAR evidence for Italy suggests that spending cuts reduce tax evasion, while tax hikes increase it. In the model, spending cuts induce a reallocation of production towards the formal sector, thus reducing tax evasion. Tax hikes increase the incentives to produce in the less productive shadow sector, implying higher output and unemployment losses. Corruption further amplifies these losses by requiring larger hikes in taxes to reduce debt. We use the model to assess the recent fiscal consolidation plans in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Our results corroborate the evidence of increasing levels of tax evasion during these consolidations and point to significant output and welfare losses, which could be reduced substantially by combating tax evasion and corruption.     

我国个人所得税流失问题

个人所得税是我国财政收入的主要来源之一。然而,在我国现行税制中,个人所得税却被公众认为是税收流失最严重的税种。个税流失严重不仅使财政收入损失巨大,而且还加剧了个人收入分配不公的状况。因此,进一步加强个税的管理和征收办法,加强税法宣传,提高公民自觉纳税的意识是改善我国个税流失状况的有效途径。     

When idealists evade taxes: the influence of personal moral philosophy on attitudes to tax evasion – a Lebanese study

This paper explores attitudes regarding tax evasion and the relationship between personal moral philosophy and such attitudes in a weak tax environment. The results confirm the multidimensionality of tax evasion attitudes. Idealism was negatively related to self‐interest tax evasion attitudes while relativism was positively related to such attitudes. Idealism was also positively related to tax evasion attitudes stemming from concerns about the justice of the tax system. Idealists in a weak tax environment seemingly go through a cognitive reframing process where they recognize that the tax system is unfair, and accordingly tax evasion is a way to serve a different moral absolute, that is of equity, rather than another different moral absolute, which is fulfilling obligations to governments. The results are also explained in light of the suggested low moral intensity of tax evasion among respondents. Policy implications are presented.     

政府、税务人员与纳税人的税收合谋博弈分析

税收合谋是各方利益主体追求自身利益最大化的最终选择。通过构建政府、税务人员与纳税人三方的博弈模型系统,分析其博弈情况,发现税收合谋的产生与政府的稽查效率、稽查成本、对合谋的处罚力度之间有很大的相关性。要瓦解和防范税收合谋的形成,政府应加快完善网络化的信息共享系统,降低合谋的稽查成本;加快推进法制建设,加大对合谋的处罚力度;组建专家级的稽查队伍,提高合谋的查实率,以有效地防止税款人为的流失,将税收合谋对国家和社会产生的危害控制在最低程度,确保国家税收的安全完整。     

浅谈企业合理避税筹划的理论与途径

企业进行合理避税筹划活动以及对合理避税与偷税行为进行辨析,旨在使企业积极运营策略得到广大经营者及会计人员的理解与重视。在税法规定许可的范围内或不违反税法的前提下,企业对经营、投资、理财活动进行筹划和安排,可取得节约税收成本(savingtax)的税收收益,以达到整体税后利润最大化。企业要树立税收筹划意识,用合法的方式保护自己的正当权益,从而提高企业效益。依法纳税是纳税人应尽的义务,而依法进行税收筹划也是纳税人应有的权利。     

Illegal but ethical: an inquiry into the roots of illegal corporate behaviour in Russia

This paper examines the perceptions of Russian executives toward the relationship between legal and ethical conduct. The focus is on questions of tax evasion attitudes and corporate illegal behavior. Forty Russian managers and entrepreneurs from a variety of organizations were interviewed. Their actions are aimed at gaining corporate income and profit from operations through hiding corporate activity from state and local authorities in a context where these authorities levy excessive taxes and other types of payment from businesses. Tax evasion methods are presented and analyzed along with other varieties of illegal corporate behavior. The research results show that executives believe business could not perform in a completely legal way under Russia's existing conditions. Illegal performance is thus viewed as legitimate and ethical.     

A Comparative Study on Perceived Ethics of Tax Evasion: Hong Kong Vs the United States

This article begins with a review of the literature on the ethics of tax evasion and identifies the three main views that have emerged over the centuries, namely always ethical, sometimes ethical, and never or almost never ethical. It then reports on the results of a survey of HK and U.S. university business students who were asked to express their opinions on the 15 statements covering the three main views. The data are then analyzed to determine which of the three viewpoints is dominant among the sample population. Although it was found that HK scores were significantly different from the U.S. scores, both HK and U.S. respondents were opposed to the view that tax evasion is always or almost always ethical. The strongest arguments justifying tax evasion were in cases where the government was corrupt, the tax system was unfair and unaffordable. The weakest arguments for justifying tax evasion were in cases where there was a selfish motive. The underlying cultural differences are further explored in hope of accounting for differing perceptions of ethics of tax evasion. Policy implications for increasing people’s awareness of ethics on tax evasion are also highlighted.     

中国农村养老保障两种观点的比较——兼论中国农村养老保障的模式选择

关于中国农村养老保障模式有两种观点,有支持家庭养老的,也有支持社会化养老的。通过比较研究,两种观点之间既有共识又有分歧;有分歧是因为逻辑路径不同。农村社会养老保险经过数次改革仍然低效是因为缺少公共资源。尝试给出农村社会养老保险的出路。     

税收遵从成本对企业税收遵从的影响分析——基于企业逃税模型

传统的在A-S逃税模型中加入税收遵从成本因素分析其对纳税遵从的影响只适用于个人纳税人。运用企业逃税模型分析税收遵从成本对企业纳税遵从的影响不仅更符合企业实际,而且在我国更有现实意义。本文以Virmani关于竞争性市场中两权合一的企业间接税的逃税模型为基础,加入税收遵从成本因素分析了税收遵从成本对企业税收遵从的影响,得出税收遵从成本对企业纳税遵从具有反向影响这一结论,并从税收征管、税制、税收环境三个方面探讨了企业税收遵从成本降低之策。     

哈大齐工业走廊发展循环经济的税收政策支持研究

税收政策对哈大齐工业走廊发展循环经济具有重要作用.目前,哈大齐工业走廊发展循环经济的现行税收政策支持状况还不科学、不合理,主要体现在资源税设计不合理,对增值税支持不力,消费税改革不够深入,对所得税优惠力度不够,缺乏专门的环保税种等方面.政府应调整与发展循环经济有关的资源税、增值税、消费税与所得税等税种,开征专门的环境保护税;完善中央和地方的税收分配体制,加强税收精细化、科学化管理,从而做好哈大齐工业走廊循环经济发展,实现哈大齐工业走廊可持续发展的战略目标.     

税收征管、纳税遵从与税收优惠——对金税三期工程的政策效应评估

金税三期工程(以下简称“金三”)是提高税收征管能力的重要举措。本文基于全国税收调查数据,采用双重差分和三重差分评估了“金三”的政策效果,结果表明:(1)“金三”显著提高了纳税遵从度,促进了“应收尽收”;(2)“金三”促进了税收优惠政策的落实,提高了企业税收优惠政策的享受比例,促进了“应享尽享”;(3)虽然提高纳税遵从会使一部分税收不遵从企业实际税负上升,但促进税收优惠政策落实能够使更多符合条件的企业减轻税负,在两者的作用下,“金三”没有对企业总体税负产生显著影响。本文的研究论证了“金三”的双重效应,一方面优化信息系统,提高纳税遵从度,另一方面提升纳税服务质量,促进税收优惠政策的落实。     

论企业税收筹划策略

税务筹划有助于提高企业自身的经营管理水平,尤其是财务和会计的管理水平。税务筹划的基本特征具有合法性、事先性、时效性。在现有税制框架内,纳税筹划有再造流程思路、缔结契约思路和合理转化思路三种模式。税收筹划工作主要有选择低税负方案;滞延纳税时间两种途径。通过纳税筹划,可以令企业在合理合法的前提下减轻纳税负担,降低企业经营成本,最大限度增加企业效益。     

Exporting and Environmental Performance: A Firm‐level Productivity Analysis

The objective of this paper is to study empirically the relationship between export orientation and firms’ environmental performance from different perspectives of trade theory. On the one hand, productivity heterogeneity is analysed within the new trade‐theoretical framework. The approach followed is to determine firm‐level productivity components, including an environmental productivity indicator (as a performance measure) and taking as reference the Spanish food industry. On the other hand, from the traditional comparative advantage perspective, this study also develops an export performance model to evaluate the effect of technology, environmental variables and factor endowment on exporting. The results show greater environmental productivity and corporate efficiency for export‐oriented firms. Our findings also determine the positive effect on firms’ export intensity of environmental performance as a factor of specialisation and technology proficiency.     

Taxes,Order Imbalance and Abnormal Returns around the ex‐Dividend day

A costly arbitrage model, developed for the Australian imputation tax system, shows that stocks paying dividends with a tax credit are likely targets for ex‐dividend arbitrage. We show that order imbalance, based on the direct observation of buyer and seller initiated trades, is a key factor in price movements around the ex‐dividend day. Buying pressure before the ex‐dividend day aimed at capturing the dividend and tax credit leads to an increase in prices that subsequently reverse in the ex‐dividend period. This effect is concentrated in those stocks distributing a tax credit with their dividend payments. The price pressure resulting from order imbalance is substantially higher around the ex‐dividend day relative to the effect observed outside this period. Our results reject the model of Frank and Jagannathan ( 1998 ) that bid‐ask bounce is responsible for the ex‐day premium and provide support for explanations based on taxes, transaction costs, and incomplete price adjustment on the ex‐day.     

我国房地产税制改革中的税权划分问题——基于国际比较的视角

在税收理论体系中,房地产税作为地方税收体系的主体税种,与分税制之间本身就存在着十分重要的联系。我国的房地产税改革实践不仅要注重对地方政府的既有收入的保障,更要推进现有分税制的完善。从国外房地产税制的成熟经验分析,税收收入的归属与税权的划分并不是统一的,本文旨在通过对房地产税的立法权、征收权、评估权的国际比较,为我国房地产税制改革中的税权划分提出建议。     

Parental financial support: A safety net for young adults with debt problems

Parental financial support benefits young adults in societies with decreasing welfare‐state support and a pattern of early home‐leaving. This article focuses on the association between young adults’ debt problems and parental financial support: the extent to which indebted young adults receive financial help from their parents. We also investigate the extent to which specific benefits are associated with debt problems or parental financial support. The data were gathered in an online survey conducted among 18‐to‐35‐year‐old Finns (n = 1,019). The results revealed, first, that many parents safeguard their indebted adult children’s lives by means of financial support and second, that heavy cash‐welfare‐benefit users are particularly likely to receive parental financial support. Our analysis also revealed that the prevalence of debt problems as well as of parental financial support were especially high among those who had received social assistance, sickness benefit or labour‐market subsidy within the previous 12 months. In a society open to new social risks as well as to debt problems, young people who lack financial support from their parents have a rockier transition to adulthood than those who receive support.