关于全球化的几点认识

展现在 2 1世纪人类社会的全球化趋势实际是源于 16世纪的世界资本主义发展的继续。计算机技术和网络信息的极大发展 ,使这一全球化带有迥异于其过去任何时代的特点。今天 ,应用马克思主义的历史分析方法看待新一轮全球化潮流 ,仍然具有极大的现实意义。     

基于三类型中小企业人力资源管理问题剖析

21世纪是人力资源的世纪,人力资源问题将主导整个21世纪,甚至要更久远的时期。随着我国经济体制改革的不断深入,中小企业已成为我国经济发展和科技创新的重要增长点,作为我国现阶段最有活力和生命力的一部分,它本身还存在着一些潜在的和现实的危机,从根本上来说是人力资源管理的问题,人力资源配置优化与否直接影响着企业的发展。     

Gordon's accumulation theory: The highest stage of stadial theory

This essay examines the intellectual antecedents of David Gordon's social structure of accumulation (SSA) approach. It argues that Gordon's systematic treatment of long periods of growth and stagnation is the culmination of a long Marxist tradition which began early in the twentieth century with the work of Hilferding, Bukharin, and Lenin. Contemporary Marxist analyses of the recovery of capitalism from the great depression of the late nineteenth century parallel that developed by Gordon for the post-World War II period. Gordon's approach is genealogically linked to these turn of the century analyses through the work of Ernest Mandel on late capitalism and through the American monopoly capital school. Gordon's key contribution is to transform the early Marxist theory of the highest stage of capitalism into a general theory of capitalist stages     

Top Wealth Shares in Australia 1915–2012

Combining data from surveys, inheritance tax records, and rich lists, we estimate top wealth shares for Australia from World War I until the present day. We find that the top 1 percent share declined by two‐thirds from 1915 until the late 1960s, and rose from the late 1970s to 2010. The recent increase is sharpest at the top of the distribution, with the top 0.001 percent wealth share tripling from 1984 to 2012. The trend in top wealth shares is similar to that in Australian top income shares (though the drop in the first half of the twentieth century is larger for wealth than income shares). Since the early twentieth century, top wealth shares in Australia have been lower than in the U.K. and U.S.     

应对气候变化挑战的全球合作框架思考——写在哥本哈根会议开幕之际

在过去的一个世纪里,地球平均气温上升了0.74摄氏度,导致海平面在20世纪末加速上升。科学家提出证明,来自交通、工业和农业排放的二氧化碳、甲烷及其他温室气体在大气中会阻碍热量释放,使全球温度上升,造成气候变化,带来干旱、洪水、海平面上升等潜在破坏。有鉴于此,本文通过建立一个全球合作框架来解决这个问题就变得极为重要而且迫切。合作框架的设计不仅要尽量做到公平和公正,而且要考虑合作框架的便利性,降低实施的难度,力争做到可持续、可发展。     

明代中国经济的产权分析与中欧比较研究

资本市场的萌芽和产生是商品经济的发展水平、社会化大生产状况和信用制度的成熟程度等三个因素共同促成的结果。在14~16世纪,中国和欧洲的基本条件相当,但欧洲地区出现了世界最早的资本市场,并逐步发展成为新的世界经济中心,而当时经济同样发达,并具有悠久文明史的古老中国却不仅没有产生资本市场,反而日渐衰落。本文从产权经济学的视角对明代中国和欧洲的经济发展状况和产权制度进行了比较研究,论证了14~16世纪的中国不可能出现资本市场的历史必然性。     

福建省海洋开发若干问题探讨

２１世纪是海洋世纪。福建省地处台湾海峡西岸,海域辽阔,海岸线长,海洋资源十分丰富,海洋开发在福建占有极其重要地位置。本文从海洋综合开发高度,考察福建海洋开发的优劣势和开发现状,探讨促进和规范福建海洋开发的问题,供决策参考。     

历史法学、统一国家与德国资本主义

本文宏观考察了19世纪德国法理学发展的思想史轨迹。19世纪的德国法理学围绕统一德国的主题而展开,经历了面对统一问题的自由主义法理论与民族主义法理论间的复杂争论。19世纪的德国资产阶级要求的民主问题与地方封建邦的自主要求混杂在一起,从而又危及着德国的统一问题（德国自由主义法理论的困境）;同时,德国的统一问题又与维持德国封建君主制关联在一起（德国民族主义法理论的困境）。这是德国法理学不同于自然法理念的历史法理学特征。可以说,以历史法学为象征的19世纪德国法理论丧失了现代性的普遍品格,成为一种德意志的意识形态。     

The Introduction of Automatic Switching into the Bell System: Market versus Institutional Influences

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in the economic literature. While much is known about nineteenth century Southern black legal and material conditions, less is known about how their nineteenth century biological conditions were related to institutional change and the physical environment. Average Southern black statures ironically increased during the antebellum period and declined — at least temporarily - after emancipation. On the other hand, average Southern white statures declined throughout the nineteenth century. It is geography and direct sunlight (insolation) that present an additional attribute of nineteenth century black and white stature, and greater insolation is documented here to be associated with taller black and white statures.     

Are China and India backward? Evidence from the 19th century U.S. Census of Manufactures

Hsieh and Klenow (2009) argue that a large fraction of aggregate TFP differences between the U.S. and the developing countries of China and India can be explained by factor misallocation. Their interpretation is that this misallocation is due to institutions and policies in these developing countries that redirect resources from productive to unproductive firms. Using the U.S. Census of Manufactures from the late 19th century, I find that the level of dispersion in these modern, less developed countries is very similar to that in the 19th century U.S. What is similar about the countries is their level of development not the existence of institutions that Hsieh and Klenow (2009) emphasize such as state-owned enterprises as in China or entry restrictions as in India. These results suggest that the institutional basis of misallocation potentially goes beyond these overtly distortionary policies. I apply their accounting procedure to the U.S. and find that between 4% and 7% of total manufacturing TFP growth in the 20th century can be attributed to a more efficient intra-industry allocation of resources. I conclude by discussing some other explanations for these results including differences in transportation networks and lack of competitive regulation.     

Engines of Liberation

Electricity was born at the dawn of the last century. Households were inundated with a flood of new consumer durables. What was the impact of this consumer durable goods revolution? It is argued here that the consumer goods revolution was conducive to liberating women from the home. To analyse this hypothesis, a Beckerian model of household production is developed. Households must decide whether or not to adopt the new technologies, and whether a married woman should work. Can such a model help to explain the rise in married female labour-force participation that occurred in the last century? Yes.     

当前中国农村金融组织体系改革的思路

本文从历史的角度分析了20世纪90年代以来中国农村金融组织体系的改革历程,发现尽管改革的目标是要形成多元化的农村金融组织体系,但是改革过程中却呈现出曲折的两阶段性：到20世纪末农村信用社垄断了农村金融市场;进入21世纪以来,农村信用社的垄断地位逐渐被打破,改革又开始向多元化金融组织体系目标回归。     

新世纪我国钢铁工业的发展与布局及其愿景

简要回顾了我国钢产量从新中国成立时居世界第26位、经过半个世纪的迅猛发展跃居世界第一位的历程。分析我国钢铁工业在新世纪取得的新进展和面临的机遇与挑战,阐述钢铁工业的布局特点及调整思路,最后指出其愿景是按照《钢铁产业发展政策》的要求,实现由世界钢铁大国向钢铁强国的转变。     

AN ESTIMATE OF THE SIZE ANL STRUCTURE OF THE NATIONAL PRODUCT OF THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE

On the basis of rough estimates from the expenditure as well as from the income side, it is suggested that the national product per head of the Roman Empire at the death of Augustus (AD 14) was somewhat below 400 sesterces (31 g gold) yielding an aggregate national product of fully HS 20 billion for a population of 55 million and that these figures were approximately valid from the late first century BC to the mid-second century AD. The share of government expenditures in national product was very low, probably not above five percent, and that of gross capital expenditures even lower, probably not in excess of two percent. An attempt is also made to appraise the concentration of personal income and it is estimated that the 600 senatorial families, representing approximately the top 0.04 per m of the population, received about 0.6 percent of total personal income while the share of the top three percent of income recipients was in the order of 20–25 percent of total personal incomes. The second part of the article compares these estimates as well as a few indicators of the standard of living and of welfare in the early Roman Empire with the corresponding figures for a few countries before the industrial revolution and for mid-20th century less developed countries.     

教育对城市化的促进作用

从教育投资、人力资本、科技进步和城市文化四个方面分析了教育对城市化的促进作用。认为进入21世纪,随着我国经济运行方式的转变,对劳动力素质提出了越来越高的要求,城市化过程中要注重人口素质的提高,特别是农村人口素质的提高;影响人口素质提高的关键在于教育,教育将是中国21世纪城市化的持续动力。     

Rabbinical perspectives on money in seventeenth-century Ottoman Egypt

Abstract

Episodes of monetary instability in Ottoman Egypt stimulated a discussion of monetary doctrine among Egyptian rabbis. A central issue was the valuation of debts following changes in the value of silver coins. While the leading rabbi of the sixteenth century advocated linkage to gold coins, the rabbis of the seventeenth century adopted valuation by purchasing power and rejected valuation by weight and linkage to gold coins. The rabbis of the seventeenth century differed from their predecessors in two essential respects: they were more critical of traditional Jewish monetary doctrine, and they utilized a much more sophisticated form of economic analysis.     

Educational mobility in Canada: results from the 2001 general social survey

This research examines mobility in the Canadian educational system and how it has evolved over the last 50 years of the twentieth century. Mixtures of ordered probability models which control for unobserved heterogeneity are estimated for both male and female respondents for two age groups: those between age 25 and 49 and those aged 50 or older in 2001. The main result is that educational attainments depend significantly less on family background variables for the younger cohorts. This is a qualitatively different result from what Canadian sociologists have found. They argue that there is little mobility in the Canadian educational system which has remained much as it was at the beginning of the twentieth century. The data used in the analysis comes from the 2001 general social survey.     

A Historical Note on the Use of Fiction to Teach Principles of Economics

The use of the novel to teach economics is traced back from its contemporary form to the early nineteenth century. The degree of economic sophistication in the earliest books is particularly impressive.     

Henry George: rebel with a cause

Henry George's Progress and Poverty (1879) was undoubtedly the most widely read book on economics in the nineteenth century. Its proposal for a ‘single tax’ on land rents inspired both socialists and liberal reformers in the closing decades of the nineteenth century but it was attacked and condemned by virtually all the leading economists of the day, principally on the ground that it was not possible even in principle to separate pure ground rent from profits on capital invested in land. The question whether land is a special factor of production, essentially different from labour and capital, turns out to be at the very heart of all the controversies surrounding the doctrines of Georgism; my view, like that of Marshall, is that land is indeed a unique factor of production.     

俄罗斯人口与移民状况

20世纪末21世纪初,俄罗斯爆发了第四次人口危机,这次人口危机发生在和平年代,人口出生率小于人口死亡率,俄罗斯每年减少近100万人口。由于＂缺人＂,许多村庄荒芜,大量工作无人干,西伯利亚和远东的开发也是纸上谈兵。俄罗斯政府若再不考虑从国外移民,国家将面临＂无人为继＂的尴尬局面。从＂外来移民计划＂、＂优秀人才向外移民严重＂、＂外国劳工人数下降＂和＂中国威胁论＂四个方面论述了俄罗斯人口与移民状况,说明必须增加外来高素质移民来抵消人口危机给俄罗斯的经济社会发展带来的负面影响。