基于公交优先策略的拥挤收费的研究

城市交通阔题日益严重,传统的“公交优先”策略实施效果不够理想。通过对城市交通拥挤问题和拥挤收费策略的分析,提出一种基于公交优先策略的拥挤收费解决方案。该方案以城市交通拥堵问题作为切入口,对一般意义下的拥挤收费策略进行修正,体现“公交优先。的思想,从需求控制的角度调整居民出行方式进行探索。通过经济分析可以看出,该方案可调和城市道路的供给与城市交通需求之间的矛盾以及城市客运方式之间交通需求的失调状况,达到缓解城市交通拥挤的目的。     

基于公交优先策略的拥挤收费的研究

城市交通问题日益严重,传统的"公交优先"策略实施效果不够理想.通过对城市交通拥挤问题和拥挤收费策略的分析,提出一种基于公交优先策略的拥挤收费解决方案.该方案以城市交通拥堵问题作为切入口,对一般意义下的拥挤收费策略进行修正,体现"公交优先"的思想,从需求控制的角度调整居民出行方式进行探索.通过经济分析可以看出,该方集可调和城市道路的供给与城市交通需求之间的矛盾以及城市客运方式之间交通需求的失调状况,达到缓解城市交通拥挤的目的.     

由深圳拟征收交通拥挤费引发的思考

近期媒体对深圳拟征收交通拥堵费的追逐,引发了新一轮的对交通拥挤收费的思考与讨论。文章在深圳征收交通拥挤费可行性分析的基础上虽然得出深圳目前适合实施交通拥挤收费来解决交通拥堵问题,但却面临着一系列实施交通拥挤收费的困境。基于此,文章认为深圳应当减缓该项政策的出台,并提出了相应的对策。     

拥挤收费、边际成本定价与福利

交通拥挤收费是利用价格机制来调节城市道路高峰期交通量的一种手段.本文通过经济学分析指出:交通拥挤不仅给消费者带来直接损失,而且还伴随着多种外部不经济;征收拥挤费可以减少社会福利损失;拥挤收费增加的收入应该用于缓解拥挤的交通投资上.     

高速公路收费对社会物流费用的影响

为厘清高速公路收费与社会物流费用的关系，文章基于发展经济学的基础理论，构建出高速公路收费、社会物流费用、社会经济发展的作用机制分析框架，得出高速公路收费制度对于优化资源配置具有正向促进作用与反向阻碍作用，体现为基于收费制度实现高速公路快速发展能够改进通行服务效率与质量，降低物流费用，扩大资源配置的市场空间，而高速公路收费作为物流费用的组成部分，会阻碍资源配置空间的扩张。正向促进作用与反向阻碍作用二者互生共存，但正向促进效果远大于反向阻碍。提出社会物流费用作为反向阻碍作用的外在表现形式，其存在具有客观必然性，调整过程是物流各环节优化作用的结果，合理水平的判断标准是现有技术与制度条件下能否最大限度满足运输需求。     

我国高速公路收费政策影响因素与预测

高速公路收费政策在我国高速公路发展中具有非常重要的作用,但随着国家高速公路网的逐步完善及高速公路收费政策实施中出现的一系列问题,人们对高速公路收费政策提出了很多异议,要求取消收费的呼声也越来越高。本研究从影响高速公路收费政策的经济发展环境、政策评估理论、公共经济学理论和高速公路发展规律等因素分析入手,客观预测了我国高速公路收费政策的发展趋向。     

高速公路的公共属性

高速公路作为国家高效运输体系的基础,具有显著的基础性、公益性、先导性、服务性等特点,高速公路的快速发展对我国经济与社会的发展有着极大的推动作用。然而与此同时,高速公路收费政策同样给我们带来了全世界最多的收费路段和最高的物流成本。本文通过对我国高速公路发展历程的分析,提出了当前高速公路在投资、建设、营运等方面存在的问题,并探讨了如何去解决高速公路发展的"困局"。     

城市地区交通拥挤收费效应分析

文章在对城市地区交通拥挤收费理论进行论述的基础上,根据交通流量和交通系统运行总成本之间的相互关系,对交通拥挤所产生的外部成本进行分析。并结合随机效用理论,构造了一个城市地区交通拥挤收费影响效果评估模型,提出了模型的求解算法,并利用一个实例,对该模型的运用进行了分析。     

浅谈高速公路收费存在问题及应对措施

论文阐述了我国收费公路存在的问题,并基于高速公路投资营运成本、投资收益、公众使用高速公路的消费承受力及其他因素对高速公路收费定价的影响分析,以确定高速公路收费管理原则,为政府科学管理高速公路收费提供科学的定价理论和定价方法,同时为改进和完善现有高速公路收费管理提出有益建议.     

广州道路交通拥挤状况及拥挤定价策略研究

广州近年来城市规模持续扩张,市民出行需求和机动车保有量持续逐年较快增长。晚高峰处于拥堵状况的主干道已占全路网的30%。本文从经济学的角度,分析了道路拥挤的成因,对拥挤定价理论的应用进行了分析,提出并分析了在广州中心区域实施拥挤定价收费措施的对策和效果预期。     

Pricing urban congestion: A structural random utility model with traffic anticipation

We design and estimate a game theoretic congestion pricing mechanism in which the regulator aims at reducing urban traffic congestion by price discriminating travelers according to their value of time (VOT). Travelers' preferences depend on their observable characteristics, on the endogenous amount of congestion anticipated, on their marginal utility (MU) of income and on some unobserved factors. Using a French household survey, we estimate the demand models to simulate different pricing mechanisms. We find that unobserved determinants of transportation demand are significant and are used to measure the anticipated time spent in traffic and the comfort of traveling: diverging from these expectations is felt as more discomfort than if no expectations were formed a priori. However, some of this discomfort is derived from travelers' marginal utility of income: the lost time in traffic is clearly “unpleasant” because of its opportunity cost. When the regulator and the transportation provider share common objectives, we show that a great welfare improvement can be achieved when implementing a homogenous pricing that accurately accounts for travelers VOT.     

Transportation capital and its effects on the U.S. economy: A general equilibrium approach

We analyze the effect of the US transportation system on economic activity by building a quantitative dynamic general equilibrium model with a taxpayer-funded transportation capital stock. We highlight stark differences between the positive welfare effects of additional infrastructure spending in the long run, and its potentially negative effects when we account for the large transition (time and delay) costs to build. We also quantify large differences between the effects of additional infrastructure spending and efficient transportation policies, such as congestion pricing and eliminating laws that artificially inflate input prices, concluding that taxpayer-funded transportation improvements that increase GDP significantly may produce smaller welfare gains than efficient policies that increase GDP modestly.     

Congestion pricing of Canadian airports

Abstract Under congestion pricing, Canadian airports would annually save between $72 and $105 million. Social costs per landing and takeoff decrease about $300 at Toronto and Vancouver and $50 at Calgary and Montreal. Slot constraints fail to eliminate this airport congestion. Congestion prices are lower on average than existing weight‐based prices. Current airport capacity accommodates at least five more years of traffic growth before congestion reaches current levels. Substantial welfare gains occur even if dominant airlines already internalize their self‐imposed delays. This article calculates equilibrium congestion pricing schedules, traffic rates, queuing delays, layover times, and connection times by time of day.     

Traffic congestion: an experimental study of the Downs-Thomson paradox

This study considers a model of road congestion with average cost pricing. Subjects must choose between two routes—Road and Metro. The travel cost on the road is increasing in the number of commuters who choose this route, while the travel cost on the metro is decreasing in the number of its users. We examine how changes to the road capacity, the number of commuters, and the metro pricing scheme influence the commuters’ route-choice behavior. According to the Downs-Thomson paradox, improved road capacity increases travel times along both routes because it attracts more users to the road and away from the metro, thereby worsening both services. A change in route design generates two Nash equilibria; and the resulting coordination problem is amplified even further when the number of commuters is large. We find that, similar to other binary choice experiments with congestion effects, aggregate traffic flows are close to the equilibrium levels, but systematic individual differences persist over time.     

实物期权方法在BOT公路投资项目中的应用

投资项目具有多种期权特性,传统的DCF评价方法无法评估多个不确定性对投资项目的影响。实物期权方法为决策者提供了一个有效管理不确定性因素的工具。国内外学者就BOT公路投资项目中的增长期权、延迟期权、投资扩张、政府保证、特许权期限调整、通行费率调整、投资成本和车流量不确定性等多个问题进行了大量的讨论。本文首先对实物期权理论在BOT公路投资项目方面的应用研究进行文献回顾,然后详细的分析了国内BOT公路投资项目收益的不确定性、项目投资的可延迟性、项目的可扩建性、政府的保证以及项目特有的土地开发及广告收益等多个特点具有的期权价值。并对这些期权的定价模型进行了简要的介绍。文章最后对运用实物期权理论应用过程中的难点进行了分析,并在此基础上总结实物期权理论在BOT公路投资项目中应用的研究方向。     

Estimating the impact of incidents on urban controlled-access highways: an empirical analysis

An empirical analysis is developed that quantifies the impact of different types of traffic incidents on the speed and maximum flow averages of vehicles on a controlled-access highway. The incident types considered include damage to highway infrastructure, vehicle rollover, crashes (into stationary objects), collisions (with moving vehicles), rain, fog, vehicle breakdowns, pedestrians on roadway, etc. Using real-world data from Chile’s most heavily used urban motorway/freeway, estimates of incident impacts on speed are generated using a multiple linear regression model incorporating instrumental variables to correct for endogeneity. Flow results are then generated using the fundamental traffic equation relating speed, flow and density. A ranking of the impacts on highway traffic of the different incident types based on incident frequency as well as impact size demonstrates that for the real case studied, the incidents with the greatest cumulative effect are (in order of magnitude) vehicle breakdown, collisions and rain.     

城市交通拥堵的经济学分析--基于计算经济学的模拟检验

交通拥挤是我国目前大城市社会关注的一个焦点,也是一个世界性难题。文章从交通经济学的基本理论出发,探讨了控制需求、增加供给、解决交通拥挤的各种实际手段和途径。同时还使用了交通系统的模拟软件来介绍运用计算经济学的方法评估和解决实际交通问题的思想,以供交通管理的决策者和研究人员参考。     

Effects of congestion on the shape of a city

This paper develops a model for the allocation of urban land among the residential and transportation sectors and the central business district. The model is used to derive the intensity of land use, i.e., the capital per unit of land, in the residential and transportation sectors. Two different institutional arrangements are discussed: a central planning agency, and a competitive market. It is shown that the externalities imposed by traffic congestion results in the market city being larger (for the same population), and with flatter density profiles.     

Structural estimation of congestion costs

We estimate a structural model of congestion costs using a Bayesian Nash equilibrium approach: The individual's preference for traveling depends on the anticipated level of congestion, which in turn is determined by travelers’ decisions of mobility. The model is estimated using a French transportation household survey. Results confirm the presence of incomplete information and show that aversion to congestion is 6.6% lower during peak times than during off-peak times. A traveler's willingness-to-pay to save 1 min in traffic is estimated at 0.73 euros during peak times and 0.25 euros during off-peak times.     

城市道路交通流对交通安全的影响分析研究

城市道路交通是由人、车、路、环境等基本要素构成的动态复杂相互融合的系统。在这四个因素之中,单纯由其中单个因素引起的道路交通事故非常少,通常都是几个因素共同作用下的结果。从城市道路交通流的交通组成和交通量两个方面对交通安全的影响进行分析研究,以期给城市道路交通条件的改善提供明确的方向。