论消费习惯及其对资产定价的影响

传统的资产定价理论通常假设投资者的效用函数是跨时可加的,并且假设投资者每期的效用由本期的消费水平确定,这就是典型的基于消费的资产定价模型。这种模型所导出的结论遭到实证结果强有力的挑战,其中具有代表性的有“股权溢价之谜”、“消费平滑之谜”和“无风险利率之谜”等。为了解释这些“难解之谜”,一种典型的做法是对传统的跨时可加的效用函数进行修改,消费习惯的引进是其中最具代表性的方法。本文试图对这一方法进行综述,对消费习惯的经济含义进行分析,并进一步分析消费习惯对资产定价的影响     

基于效用成本风险异质性的消费资本资产定价模型

资产定价既是现代金融的核心,也是许多困惑之所在,其中最著名的就是股权溢价之谜和无风险利率之谜。本文对消费资本资产定价模型中的效用成本做了重新思考,引入"效用成本风险异质性"的概念,并将效用成本区分为"消费效用成本"和"风险效用成本"。在此基础上,本文提出了消费资本资产定价模型的新形式,并对股权溢价之谜和无风险利率之谜进行解释。     

略论中国无风险利率与股权溢价

按照传统的消费资本资产定价理论，中国股市的高股权溢价只能由投资者的高相对风险厌恶系数来解释。但是这又会产生所谓的无风险利率之谜，因为投资者相对风险厌恶系数高时，其时间偏好率为负，明显不合情理。     

灾难与风险溢价之谜：最新研究进展评述

“风险溢价之谜”在资产定价理论中占有举足轻重的地位,自MehraandPrescott（1985）提出这个谜以来,尽管已有大量的研究,这个谜却一直没能得到很好的解释。而Rietz—Barro等将罕见灾难引入资产定价模型,不仅完美地解释了高风险溢价和低无风险利率之谜,而且学者们进一步引入广义预期效用和可变灾难．同时将灾难的解释范围扩展到股票、债券、期权等金融资产的定价和价格波动之谜,解决了传统金融理论所无法解释的众多宏观金融难题。更为重要的是,通过引入系统性风险,真实经济周期理论和资产定价理论有了新的突破,从而打开了一扇融合现代宏观经济学和金融学的大门。     

齐当别模型与股权溢价之谜

一、股权溢价之谜 股权溢价(The Equicy Premium)是指股票收益率大于无风险资产收益率的现象.由于股票的风险较大,市场上大量的风险厌恶型投资者必然会要求以高收益来补偿持有股票所带来的高风险,因此一定程度的股权溢价是正常的市场现象.然而,大量针对不同时期与地区的实证研究表明,股权溢价程度远远超出了标准经济学模型所能解释的范围,这一现象被称之为"股权溢价之谜".     

带有价格波动项的行为资产定价模型研究--投资与消费之间的均衡分析

文章根据我国股市的特点,对Barberis、Huang和Santos(2001)的模型进行了改进,推导出了带有波动项的行为资产定价模型.并用该模型对西方7国无风险利率及股票溢价进行了检验,发现该CCAPM模型不能解释我国证券市场的溢价现象,Mehra和Prescott(1985)发现的"股票溢价之谜"在我国同样存在.相比以前的分析方法,文章所考虑的模型比较符合我国证券市场的特征.文章最后利用经修正的模型对我国股票市场的溢价进行了分析.     

理性定价、选择偏差与消费资本资产定价谜团——来自中国证券市场的经验证据

股权溢价之谜和无风险利率之谜的存在集中反映了收益与风险不对等的关系,对现代金融理论的理性定价思想构成强有力的挑战,是消费资本资产定价模型实证检验中急待解决的难题。本文以中国1991年至2003年期间的证券市场为研究对象,讨论了研究方法的选择偏差对两大谜团可能产生的影响。实证研究发现:由于存在研究方法的选择偏差,两大谜团存在与否的结论本身不具备很强的稳定性和可靠性,并不能为理性定价学派与非理性定价学派孰是孰非提供直接的证据。     

股权风险溢价及其在中国股票市场上的应用

股票收益率与无风险债券收益率之间的差被称为股权风险溢价(Rm-Rf).近年来的研究发现,股权风险溢价非常大,标准的资本资产定价模型(CAPM)已经不能解释如此大的差异,股权风险溢价也就成了世界之谜.本文首先分析了股权风险溢价的产生以及理论解释,然后在此基础上讨论了测算中国股权风险溢价时应该注意的问题.     

我国居民消费风险与资产收益的关联分析

居民的跨期消费选择会对资本市场带来影响,本文将消费资本资产定价模型应用于我国资本市场,对居民消费、利率与股票收益率的联动进行了广义矩法检验.检验结果对于资产收益率种类以及工具变量具有较大的敏感性,但数据与模型之间的拟合比较好,结果无法拒绝消费资本资产定价模型.因此,不能否认消费增长率与利率、股票收益率之间的联系是存在的,我国居民的消费波动会对利率与股票收益率施加影响.鉴于此,政府应加强对居民消费支出的调控,这将有益于我国资本市场的稳定发展.     

Lucas经济形态下国民经济的变动与无风险利率

在Luca-type交换经济均衡时,无风险利率是由宏观经济变量,市场波动率,投资者的风险偏好所共同决定的。假设一个代表性投资者拥有一个CRRA（constant relative risk aversion）效用函数,通过寻找代表性投资者拥有最大的效用,建立最优化消费—投资策略,从而得到无风险利率。     

Life with habit and expectation: A new explanation of equity premium puzzle

Previous writers have attempted to resolve the equity premium puzzle by employing a utility function that depends on current consumption minus (or relative to) past habit consumption. This paper points out that an individual's current utility may also depend upon how well off in the recent past he or she had expected to be today. Hence we add the concept “expectation formation” to the utility modification term in a model with a habit‐formation utility function. We apply the model to the equity premium puzzle and find that it is able to fit the data with a relatively low coefficient of relative risk aversion. Furthermore, we introduce an updated data sample and apply different values of discounting factors, and find that in all circumstances, the model is able to generate coefficients of risk aversion that are consistent with theory. Hence we conclude that the model is able to resolve the equity premium puzzle.     

Labor-Market Search and International Business Cycles

The objective of this paper is to explain the observed international fluctuations by modifying the traditional modelling of the labor market in the two-country real business cycles model. Our intuition is that labor-market search can be useful to understand the propagation of international fluctuations. Changes in the expected returns to search induce responses in search and recruiting activities, the effects of which are propagated through time via changes in the stock of employment. Given that the technology shock spills over to the other country, domestic and foreign firms start searching at the same time in anticipation. Employment then increases simultaneously and displays a hump-shaped profile in the two countries. This partially curtails the capital outflow from the country which does not benefit from the shock. Introducing in a search framework a non-separability between consumption and leisure in the utility function allows both to solve the consumption puzzle and to complete the explanation of the international comovement puzzle. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E32, F41, J40.     

社会地位、非期望效用函数、资产定价和经济增长

本文利用非期望偏好结构 ,讨论消费和资产收益的时间序列行为。在这种递归偏好结构中 ,投资者积累财富不仅仅为了消费 ,也为了财富所带来的社会地位 ,我们研究这一假设对消费、投资组合策略、证券市场价格以及经济增长的影响 ,并利用所得到的定价方程讨论风险溢金问题。     

Euler equation errors

The standard, representative agent, consumption-based asset pricing theory based on CRRA utility fails to explain the average returns of risky assets. When evaluated on cross-sections of stock returns, the model generates economically large unconditional Euler equation errors. Unlike the equity premium puzzle, these large Euler equation errors cannot be resolved with high values of risk aversion. To explain why the standard model fails, we need to develop alternative models that can rationalize its large pricing errors. We evaluate whether four newer theories at the vanguard of consumption-based asset pricing can explain the large Euler equation errors of the standard consumption-based model. In each case, we find that the alternative theory counterfactually implies that the standard model has negligible Euler equation errors. We show that the models miss on this dimension because they mischaracterize the joint behavior of consumption and asset returns in recessions, when aggregate consumption is falling. By contrast, a simple model in which aggregate consumption growth and stockholder consumption growth are highly correlated most of the time, but have low or negative correlation in severe recessions, produces violations of the standard model's Euler equations and departures from joint lognormality that are remarkably similar to those found in the data.     

有限理性下中美投资者对财富和消费偏好的比较研究

投资和消费是人们最重要的经济决策,而投资和消费的选择是由对财富和消费的偏好决定的。在效用最大化的前提下,构建有限理性的效用函数,来比较中国和美国投资者对于消费和财富的偏好。研究的结果表明,相对中国人而言美国人是更加偏好消费的,而中国人更偏重于财富。这样的差异形成的原因可能在于中国的金融市场发达程度不如美国,中国的社会保障体系不如美国完善。     

Seasonality and the Life-cycle Permanent Income Hypothesis: Evidence for Australia, the United Kingdom and Germany

Intra-year observed consumption displays substantial seasonality. Consumers allocate their non-durable expenditure over the four quarters of the year, maximising total utility subject to the period-to-period budget constraint. Osborn (1988) derives a seasonally-varying utility function, for which Hall's (1978) consumption function implies a periodic autoregressive model with a unit root. Using quarterly seasonally unadjusted consumption for Australia, the United Kingdom, and Germany, recently developed tests for seasonality and periodicity are used to examine the modified rational expectations life-cycle permanent income hypothesis and to reinforce previous findings in the literature. Seasonal habit persistence is introduced as an alternative model and its empirical adequacy is found to be significant. Finally, a multivariate test of the excess sensitivity puzzle excludes a predictive role for lagged income changes.     

略论国际分散化投资中的“本国偏好之谜”

国际分散化投资可以增加均值—方差模型投资者的效用,在理论和经验上均得到了广泛支持,然而,该理论无法解释国际金融领域"本国偏好之谜",即一国投资者将绝大部分的资金投资在本国证券市场而忽略国外证券市场。通过交易成本、信息不对称、对冲需求分别对"本国偏好之谜"进行解释,仍无法取得合理及满意的答案。行为金融的发展给解释"本国偏好之谜"提供了一个新的视角。     

Growth and multiple equilibria: A unique local dynamics

The paper investigates the local dynamics of a simple growth model with a public health factor. A notable feature of the model is that it employs a non-separable utility function between consumption and the level of public health infrastructure (publicly provided health environment). In addition to the effects on utility, an increase in the public health level contributes to labor productivity growth. From a three-dimensional dynamic system that includes physical capital, public health infrastructure and consumption, our model is found to have multiple equilibria (dual steady states) if the deep parameters of the utility function satisfy certain conditions. Then, numerical computations demonstrate that each equilibrium exhibits local saddle-path stability. This result deserves careful attention, as it indicates that the economy experiences a relatively undiversified growth pattern when converging on high- and low-growth equilibria. Our striking result has important implications in the study of growth and development.     

State-uncertainty preferences and the risk premium in the exchange rate market

This paper shows that state-uncertainty preferences help to explain the observed exchange rate risk premium. In the framework of Lucas (1982) economy, state-uncertainty preferences amount to assuming that a given level of consumption will yield a higher level of utility the lower is the level of uncertainty perceived by consumers. Under these preferences we can distinguish between two factors driving the exchange rate risk premium: “macroeconomic risk” and “the risk associated with variation in the private agents' perception on the level of uncertainty”. Empirical evidence from three main European economies in the transition period to the euro provides empirical support for the model. The model is more successful in accounting for the observed currency risk premium than models with more standard preferences, and the general perception of risk by private agents is shown to be a more important determinant of risk premium than macroeconomic uncertainty.