我国个人所得税再分配效应及累进性的实证分析

税收是调节收入分配差距的有效手段之一。本文循着层层递进的逻辑,建立了税收再分配效应及累进性分解的数学理论模型,实证分析了1995年到2008年间我国个人所得税的再分配效应,剖析了影响其变动的深层次原因。结果表明:除2006年外,我国个人所得税起到了正向、且进一步加强的再分配效应,但调节效果非常有限;平均税率明显偏低,累进性基本呈下降趋势;分类征收模式导致总体累进性下降,工资薪金所得税是个人所得税累进性的主要来源;免征额在工资薪金所得税的累进性中起主导作用,其次是税率结构,而社会保障支出起较小的累进(或累退)效果。因此,在公平视角下改革与完善我国个人所得税制迫在眉睫。     

免征额变动对个人所得税累进性的影响

个人所得税是调节收入分配最直接的税种,累进性是其核心要义.近年来,中国个人所得税免征额的频繁变动,对个人所得税累进性产生了怎样的影响,是本文试图研究的内容.本文在2007年抽样调查数据的基础上,计算和模拟了在不同免征额条件下中国个人所得税的Musgrave和Thin指数及Kakwani指数这两个比较常用的测度税收累进性的指数.同时,通过对Kakwani指数分解,计算了税率结构和免征额对个人所得税累进性的贡献程度.     

个人所得税再分配效应分析

个人所得税是调节收入分配差距的有效手段。本文以2000-2010年之间的数据作为样品,对个人所得税的再分配效应以及累进性建立理论模型进行了实证分析,分析影响其变化的深层次的原因,实证分析结果表明：我国的个人所得税起到了正向的调节作用,即缩小了收入分配之间的差距,并且该作用正在逐年加强,但是调节效果比较有限。我国的平均税率偏低,并且累进性呈现下降的趋势,其中工资薪金是个人所得税累进性的主要来源。本文提出了相应的改革策略。     

我国个人所得税对收入分配的影响:不同来源数据与角度的考察

本文以税前后收入份额差距、平均税率作为指标,分别从纳税人与收入的角度对2000-2009年间我国个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性进行了考察。基于公开统计数据的计算表明:就纳税人角度而言,个人所得税在收入分配方面发挥了明显的正效应,而且还呈现出不断加强的累进性。基于学者王小鲁测算的数据所进行的计算则表明:个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性相对较弱,且从收入角度来看,个人所得税反而表现出累退性。有关结论的差异提示,改善征管与统计状况是转向分类综合模式个税,加强个税再分配功能的必要条件。     

The Effect of China＇s Individual Income Tax on Income Distribution： Based on Different Perspectives and Data from Different Sources

本文以税前后收入份额差距、平均税率作为指标,分别从纳税人与收入的角度对2000—2009年间我国个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性进行了考察。基于公开统计数据的计算表明：就纳税人角度而言,个人所得税在收入分配方面发挥了明显的正效应,而且还呈现出不断加强的累进性。基于学者王小鲁测算的数据所进行的计算则表明：个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性相对较弱,且从收入角度来看,个人所得税反而表现出累退性。有关结论的差异提示,改善征管与统计状况是转向分类综合模式个税,加强个税再分配功能的必要条件。     

发展中国家的税制累进性与再分配

发展中国家社会经济运行不规范、人均收入低、政府能力相对较差会使税制的名义累进性与实际累进性发生较大脱节.因此,一方面,在收入分配调节方面,发展中国家的税制累进性很可能具有不同于发达国家税制的特点;另一方面,发展中国家税制的再分配能力确实较发达国家差.鉴于此,在发展中国家的再分配调节过程中,应当有一些新思路:再分配效果并非指某个特定累进税种或整个税制的再分配效果,而应当是整个财政制度的再分配效果.发展中国家在实现再分配目标时,应当将整个税制纳入到财政制度的框架中,而不能纠结于某个特定税种的累进性及其在税制中的比重,即不能片面重视税制的累进性.在再分配过程中,发展中国家税制的首要任务应当是以尽量少的效率损失为再分配财政支出筹集收入,同时也可以通过税制本身的优化,努力提高税制的实际累进性,以在再分配中发挥辅助调节作用.     

新一轮个人所得税改革的收入再分配效应研究——基于CHIP 2018的测算分析

个人所得税是重要的再分配工具,其再分配效应一直受到各界的关注.本文使用CHIP 2018数据库,对2018年个人所得税改革方案的收入再分配效应进行测算分析,研究发现:综合课征有利于提高个人所得税的平均税率、累进性和再分配效应;基本减除费用标准提高、专项附加扣除和税率级距改变均在不同程度上提高了个人所得税的累进性,降低个人所得税的平均税率,从而削弱个人所得税的收入再分配效应;综合课征会增强基本减除费用标准、专项附加扣除和税率结构改变对个人所得税收入再分配效应的影响;在各项改革措施的共同作用下,此次税改整体上提高了个人所得税的累进性,但导致个人所得税的平均税率和收入再分配指数大幅降低50％以上.本文使用改革当年的住户调查数据,全面考察个人所得税改革的收入再分配效应,丰富了有关新一轮个人所得税改革再分配效应的研究.     

我国个人所得税存在的问题及建议

继增值税顺利完成转型之后,我国税制得到进一步完善,个人所得税的改革也提上了日程。目前,影响我国个人所得税调节收入分配的因素有分类征收税制不合理、税率的累进程度不协调、费用扣除标准不规范、征管水平低等。分析我国税制的现状,应该改分类征收为分类综合征收、扩大累进税率覆盖范围、缩减级次,降低边际税率、规范扣除标准、加强征管,提高个人所得税效率,促进个人所得税在国民收入分配中发挥调节作用。     

我国税收调节收入分配差距的效果及税制优化

面对我国收入分配差距持久不减、城乡二元经济体制长期存在的情况,从规模上利用税收调节收入分配差距显得很有必要。本文以个人所得税为例,测算其调节收入分配差距的效果,发现我国个人所得税的累进性普遍不积极。最后,结合研究结果,提出优化我国税制改革的政策建议。     

累进的遗产税如何扩大居民消费需求——基于累进遗产税率的李嘉图等价模型研究

构建扩大居民消费需求的长效机制,关键在于着力破解长期制约我国消费需求有效扩大的体制机制性障碍。本文从完善税收体制这一视角,通过引入累进的遗产税率变量拓展了李嘉图等价模型,尝试性地将居民消费需求、收入、一次性总付税和累进税纳入到一个统一的理论分析框架。研究表明,在累进的遗产税下,李嘉图等价不成立,政府实行累进的遗产税能扩大居民现期消费。     

Tax progressivity and self-employment: evidence from Canadian provinces

We examine the effects of personal income tax progressivity—in the sense of rising marginal income tax rate—on self-employment. The impacts of income tax progressivity on self-employment depend on the relative effects of taxing success and the presence of tax evasion opportunities. Empirical estimates using Canadian provincial data for the period 1979–2006 indicate that there is a negative association between income tax progressivity and self-employment. This suggests that the adverse impact of income tax on entrepreneurial risk-taking outweighs the tax evasion opportunities for the self-employed. An important implication of our results is that a reduction in income tax progressivity encourages self-employment. The empirical estimates are robust to the various sensitivity checks.     

Wie sollte das Steuersystem in Deutschland reformiert werden?

Some authors focus on the fact that Germany shows one of the highest tax burdens among the OECD countries. Based on their analysis, they suggest approaches to reduce the tax burden in particular for lower and medium incomes. These tax reliefs are possible, and would not compromise new public investment. But decreases in personal income tax rates mainly relieve higher income earners and are accompanied by high tax losses if the top tax rates are not increased. Alternatives are relief for social contributions or VAT. Other researchers do not look at the tax burden this way: as the income tax burden in Germany is not high from a historical perspective or by international standards, there is no case for massive tax cuts, as this would jeopardise the government’s ability to act and fail to correct past shifts of the tax burden at the expense of households with low incomes. Any tax cuts should be targeted at the bottom half of the income distribution without creating any revenue shortfalls. Instead, the government would be well advised to increase its efforts to overcome the public investment backlog and ensure a well functioning civil service. Furthermore, sustainability oriented tax reforms should focus on a shift of the tax burden from taxes on labour towards environmental and wealth based taxes.     

增值税“扩围”对城镇居民收入分配影响分析

通过微观模拟方法,就1995—2010年增值税"扩围"对城镇居民收入分配格局的影响进行模拟测算。结果显示:就整体影响而言,增值税"扩围"对收入分配的逆向调节有所减弱;就增值税和营业税各自的累进性而言,对低收入者的负面影响均较大,且消费项目间调节的差异较为明显。在继续实行增值税"扩围"的过程中,需要考虑消费项目对居民收入分配所可能产生的潜在影响,非对称地调整行业间税负。     

Distributional Effects of Public Investment when Wealth and Classes are Back

In developed economies, wealth inequality is high, while public capital is underprovided. Here, we study the impact of heterogeneity in saving behavior and income sources on the distributional effects of public investment. A capital tax is levied to finance productive public capital in an economy with two types of households: high income households who save dynastically and middle income households who save for retirement. We find that inequality is reduced the higher the capital tax rate is and that low tax rates are Pareto‐improving. There is no clear‐cut trade‐off between efficiency and equality: middle income households’ consumption is maximal at a capital tax rate that is higher than the rate which maximizes high income households’ consumption.     

60 Jahre Einkommensteuertarif in Deutschland — Bestandsaufnahme und Handlungsempfehlungen

The personal income tax rate was modified 25 times in its 60 years of existence. However, policymakers largely missed opportunities to make systematic changes. The progressive function has to be manually adjusted due to its fixed nominal thresholds. As a result of the insufficient reforms of the past, the tax rates for taxable income increase rapidly and earners reach the top income tax rate is reached rather early. Still, both the minimum and the top tax rate are today lower than they were decades ago. Against this background, we recommend implementing a systematic adjustment to the tax thresholds. The current government proposals are not very ambitious in this regard.     

安徽省税收对就业影响的实证分析

就业一直是热点问题,而税收对就业的作用不可忽视.从税收对劳动供给和需求的影响两方面出发,探索构造税收与就业的良性循环机制.结合安徽省的具体情况,从税收对就业水平和结构优化两方面进行实证分析,得出结论：企业所得税和出口退税对就业无影响,经济水平和个人所得税对社会有负影响,流转税对社会有正影响,且税收能优化就业结构.最后,提出结构性减税、优惠政策、对外开放和引领保障就业的建议.     

宏观税负、税负结构和社会阶层分化的理论和实证分析

本文选取2005～2008年中国293个地级市各主体税种税负结构和城镇居民可支配收入数据,运用面板回归和截面回归等方法,实证分析了税负结构对居民可支配收入的影响和对不同收入阶层居民收入水平的影响。研究结果表明：（1）除个人所得税税收负担对居民可支配收入的影响较不显著外,增值税、营业税以及企业所得税税收负担对居民的可支配收入都有很显著的负向影响;（2）我国的税负结构并没有发挥应有的调节收入分配,减缓社会阶层分化的作用,并在一定程度上加剧了社会阶层的分化。本文的政策含义是：税负结构合理的关键是责权利的一致性或成本与受益的对称性,应当结合收入分配制度改革对税收制度进行相应调整,同时加强对非工薪收入的缴纳。     

税收纵向公平原则与个人所得税制度优化

税收纵向公平是横向公平的进一步延伸,税收只有做到纵向公平才能真正保证横向公平的实现,税收公平最终体现为纵向公平。纵向公平要求解决税收负担的分配依据、税收负担的分配权数问题。以及面临社会福利函数的选择问题。将纵向公平原则用于个人所得税制度的优化,主要解决税基的选择和累进税率的累进程度问题。税基应在香兹、黑格、西蒙斯提出的综合所得的基础上加以调整,解决个人拥有不同的效用函数情况下的真实福利水平的确定、闲暇问题、非福利方面的考虑(诺兹克和森的公平理念)等。累进税率的累进程度取决于社会福利函数的类型和劳动供给弹性的大小。     

Can state tax policies be used to promote entrepreneurial activity?

Despite a recent flurry of empirical research on the effects of taxes on small business activity, state-level taxes faced by entrepreneurs have been overlooked by most of the existing literature. Using a 50-state panel of tax policy information spanning the years 1989 through 2002, our analysis reveals that state tax policies generally do not appear to have quantitatively important effects on entrepreneurial activity. When we find statistically important effects, we find that higher individual income tax rates, the existence of a state-level estate, inheritance or gift tax, and a higher weight on the sales factor in the state corporate income tax apportionment formula all slightly reduce a state’s share of the national entrepreneurial stock. Results also indicate that states with more progressive personal income tax structures and states that have more aggressive corporate income taxes through the imposition of a combined reporting requirement both tend to have slightly higher entrepreneurship rates. The composition of state tax portfolios is not found to be a significant determinant of state entrepreneurship.