On the Language Education from the Perspective of Ethnography

Ethnography is a branch of language education studies within the overall framework oflinguistlcs. The paper discusses how languages are taught and learned in local as well as larger societal contexts from the perspectives of lcarnen and teachers under ethnographic research methods. It is argued that there are positive role and difficulties in ethnographic language education research. This thesis tries to finally give some advise from ethnography for further language education research.     

Strategic Drift and Strategic Crisis Management of Organization

The research reports how the choice of the organization behavior--strategic drift can lead to strategic crisis as a form of manifestation of a deepening organizational crisis. The research questions whose solution is sought are connected with the relation of strategic drift--strategic crisis--strategic crisis management, in terms of whether the errors in the process of strategic management lead to organizational crises. The results of the historical analysis of the theoretical research and practice in this field show the interdependence among these processes and the reasons for strategic crisis in support of the concept of strategic crisis management and its implementation in business. The study outlines the evolution of the theory of strategic drift, as well as opinions of various scientists on the types of crises, which are perceived as a uniform classification and universal interpretation of the term ＂strategic crisis＂. The organization＇s ＂strategic drift＂ leads to serious organizational crisis which first form that strategic crisis. Practice shows that the management of market leaders often leads to complacency, choosing strategy stability. Soon, as a result of aggressive strategies or implemented innovations of their competitors, they lose their competitive position.     

Creativity and Innovation as Strategic Resources in International Business Markets

This study focuses on Medium-Sized Multinationals （MSMs） that belong to the sectors of mechanics and electronics, and that operate in dynamic international business markets. This work aims to investigate how international marketing strategies are based and maybe in some cases actually heavily dependent on the capacity to form and enhance skills in design, engineering, and production activities, and on the propensity to invest more resources in research and development （R＆D） activities as well as in activities that are more strictly speaking production based （manufacturing）. Undoubtedly, in a global and dynamic business, creative knowledge is one of the key resources that firms must possess in order to take up international strategies successfully. Creativity and innovation are strategic resources for all firms, including those of a medium size and even more for those that belong to the so-called ＂traditional sectors＂. This study also has the objective of examining the influence of the structure and composition of a technological MSMs international alliance portfolio in order to understand which forms of international collaboration are more opportunities for firms that aspire to increasing their know-how and taking up new and more sophisticated forms of exploratory innovation. The present work highlights the results of an empirical research that were carried out during the years 2000-2009. The research involved more than 80 firms of the mechanical and electronics department in the Marche region in Italy.     

Becoming a more effective manager： Reality versus hype

In our dynamic global environment, strategic requirements are for more effective managers who understand the realities of achievement through others （Service ＆ Arnott, 2006; Welch, 2001）. Unfortunately, management as is practiced in money making businesses is not a requirement in politics, religion, health care or education. Moreover, management within profit making organizations is often not highly effective as demonstrated by the economic meltdown of 2008. Better managing education, religion, politics and health care can solve many societal issues. Also, more effective management in for profits is a must if we are to generate wealth to support these un-poorly-managed societal arenas. This requires knowledge beyond what is in most management courses. This paper attempts to help less effective managers improve by describing the realities of managerial problems （realms and functions） that occur because of disconnects between the ＂is＂ of ＂difficult＂ practical application versus the ＂should be＂ of theory. Moreover, hindsight has replaced strategic foresight as the method of choice among so many business leaders （some of which have failed）, governmental entities （may be about to fail） and scholars （Sorkin＇s, ＂Too Big to Fail＂, contents wishful thinking was a key devise in the mess described, 2009）. This article asserts a good number of these ＂mistakes＂ are caused by an idealistic form of realism.     

Enhancing China＇s Innovation Performance： The Policy Choices

Transforming China into an innovation-driven economy has been one of the top priorities of the Chinese Government. This paper examines the policy choices involved in the extended national innovation performance framework for creating an open innovation system. Innovation capabilities, incentives and institutional frameworks are examined. The paper argues that China should continue to increase its investment in R ＆D and in education, and that there should also be an attempt to strengthen the incentive system at the macro, meso and micro levels. This strengthening may include reforms to： release the power of competition and guide resources towards innovative sectors; adopt appropriate human resource management, such as appraisal and remuneration systems; create effective policies for research funding management; and evaluate the efficiency of research to encourage the creativity of researchers, managers and employees. The paper also discusses the space for industrial policy in the 21st century.     

Study on Distribution Model of Lubricant in China

In China, the lubricant market is confronted with a new competitive situation. This paper analyzes the status quo of market of lubricant and discusses the pros and cons of four major distribution models of lubricant in China market now. This paper＇s results will be beneficial to further study of how to choose the appropriate distributor for both local and international lubricant companies.     

Measurement of Advertising Effectiveness： How Different Theories About the Relative Importance of Sales vs. Recall/Recognition vs. Emotion Were Popular

The aim of this chapter is to run through the history of marketing research applied to measuring the effectiveness of advertising and deepen in all those theories that have shed light on this aspect and have influenced subsequent theories and models. This historical review offers the opportunity of knowing the past and understanding better the present of market research applied to advertising. It is a chronological analysis to present day, which introduces the development of the explanatory models for the functioning of advertising and the theoretical and empirical contributions in this area.     

Competitive Neutrality of the OECD Consensus Myth or Reality

This research paper gives into context ongoing changes in the balance of forces in the international markets caused not only by the crisis and the need to restore market-neutral internationally agreed system for state participation in the support for exports based on real economic criteria. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the changes of the balance of forces in the international markets. This paper presented the statistical data relating to development of GDP, indebtedness or value of exports or imports that the present changes in international markets and open discussion about the topic problem. This article recalled the basic principles of insurance and export financing with state support and also are presented current problems of implementation rules of the CONSENSUS. Due to the fact that state support for exports is an important internationally respected system it is necessary to overcome some doubts and bring to the system real market neutrality. Therefore, we ask whether are respected in practice the agreed principles of international state aid exports and what problems currently international markets and fundamentally different countries are struggling. It can be said that the rules CONSENSUS OECD has contributed to the creation of fair market conditions in international markets, but it can be also monitored over time to some extent being away from the demands of market neutrality. In view of these facts it can be considered as the basis of the current situation primarily to ensure a truly market and competitive neutrality of state support for exports.     

Understanding Failure in International Retailing： An Institutional Framework for Future Investigation

The move from domestic market to one that includes major retailers. Whiles prior research acknowledged differences international firms is not proving an easy task for between country environments and stressed the importance of addressing these differences in order to avoid the dangers and failures inherent in internationalisation, there is still lack of suitable framework that captures the effects of the institutional environment on failure in international retailing. The purpose of this paper is to introduce institutional theory as a complementary framework to explain failure in international retailing and suggest propositions for further research. The paper seeks to answer the research question： What are the factors in the institutional environment of a host country that affect failure in international retailing？ Consequently, the objective of this paper is threefold： （1） to introduce institutional theory as alternative theoretical framework to conceptualise failure in international retailing; （2） to identify institutional factors that exert pressures on the operational activities of international retailers in foreign markets and which leads to failure; （3） to provide some research propositions for further investigation. This paper offers several contributions. First, we extend current theories in international business, particularly, the literature on retail internationalisation and institutional theory by exploring pressures and difficulties that international retailers face in a new host institutional environment. Second, we identify a set of institutional factors that exert pressures on international retailers in foreign markets that lead to failure. Finally, with the institutional approach, this study fills the gap in earlier works by developing a complementary framework along with 11 propositions for future research. One major limitation of this paper is that it is conceptual; hence, further empirical analysis is needed to test the suggested propositions.     

The impact of corporate governance to the economic value added listed company in BEI 2003-2004

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Corporate Governance （CG） to the performance of the firm measured by Economic Value Added （EVA）. This research uses 64 samples for the year 2003-2004. The CG index is taken from the research of Siagian, Siregar and Rahadian （2006） and the EVA taken from ＂A hundred value creators companies＂ published by SWA Magazines in 2004-2005.
By grouping samples based on its mean, this research finds that samples in high CG index group have higher EVA than samples in low CG index group. The mean equality test shows the significant relation for this evidence.
Using simple and multiple regression method, CG index has positive and significant effect on EVA. This research uses sales growth, leverage, size, and age of the firm as control variables in multiple regression method. Consistent with research hypothesis, all control variables have positive and significant effect on EVA.
This research also investigate the effect of each component of CG index to EVA. ＂Equitable treatment of shareholders＂ and ＂disclosure and transparency＂ have positive and significant effect on EVA, but ＂right of shareholders＂, ＂role of stakeholders＂, and ＂responsibility of the board＂ do not have significant effect to EVA.
The sensitivity analysis is also done to investigate the effect of CG index to the performance of the firm if ROA and ROE were used as proxy of performance. The result shows that CG index has positive and significant effect to those various performance mesurement. Based on its coefficient, CG index is superior in affecting ROE more than EVA and ROA.     

Colors and its Expressions between English and Chinese

Scientific research indicates that seven million kinds of colors can be found in the world. However, color expressions are only limited to seyeral hundreds in classification People＇s actual life is closely related to color. There are many color expressions which reflect different culture psychologiesand emotional colorings both in Chinese and English. Color is a kind of vis＇ual effect. Because the mankindhas the same physiological mechanism and vision nerotic the color words areno different in essence, theoretically. However, because of various language culture, historical background, religious belief, mode of thinking, aesthetic temperament and mterest etc. in different nationality, people＇s impression of color and expression are different, and the associative meaning produced by the color has nothing in common with each other. There are different and various color words and expressions in English and Chinese. Sometimes it is diffcuh to find equivalent expression in one lanmaae. This paper discusses the difference between EngLish and Chmase color works by means of contrast indicating that due to different language habits, historic background and traditional customs and so on. There for it is useful to study and know the differences and is inductiv to overcoming cultural bgrridrs and promoting the cross-cultural communication.     

The adoption of strategic marketing practices： A comparison between New Zealand and Chinese manufacturers

This article compares the extent to which ten basic ＂textbook＂ strategic marketing practices are being used among manufacturing firms in New Zealand and China. Data was collected via questionnaire and a total of 145 and 89 usable responses were received from firms employing more than 50 people in each country respectively. The results indicate that many of the basic strategic marketing practices which are typically advocated in the mainstream academic literature have been similarly and quite widely adopted by manufacturers in both countries. However, the results also suggest that, albeit in different areas, there is still scope for manufacturers in both New Zealand and China to embrace strategic marketing more fully.     

Discussion on the Suitability of Strategic Trade Policy in China

One theory of strategic trade policies is about the profit shifts theory by ＂harming others to benefit oneself＇. This strategic trade policy is that one country takes its losses to other countries as in ＂using neighbor＇s field as a drain＂. This kind of trade policy may suffer the resistance and vindictiveness of other countries. Under these terms of effective large-scale production, the unperfected market structure and the transition stages of its economic system, China can＇t adopt this strategic trade policy blindly.     

The Study of Cross-cultural Management of International Hotel Groups in China

According to the theories of cultural difference and service marketing, this paper analyzes the cross-cultural management dilemmas of international hotel groups in China in two aspects--cultural character and service character. And then, proceeding from game theory, the paper analyzes and reaches a conclusion that carrying on cooperation and communication among various cultures is the key for international hotel groups in China to deal with the cross-cultural management dilemmas. On the basis of international hotel groups within China＇s own multifaceted culture character and practical consideration of hotel services, the paper discusses some reference manners for cross-cultural cooperation and communication, and strategies for international hotel groups in China. This is only supplied as a reference with international hotel groups making their own decisions.     

Measurement System on E-Commerce for Cities in China

This paper is based on the framework of E-Commerce （EC） measurement by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD）. It discusses the definition of EC, according to the present situation of EC in the metropolitan areas of China. It designs a three-layer EC measurement system with 28 indicators. The paper adopts the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP）, and invites professors and specialists to give weights to the indicators, and finally adopts the comprehensive scoring method to construct the ＂EC Index＂ for cities of our country, and to achieve the goal of dynamic measurement.     

Pipeline Transportation of Solid Materials

The reasons behind the search for alternatives to the currently used transport methods are congestions in communication systems, roads, stations, and transport nodes, which were built years ago and are not able to handle with the current load, the increasing number of motor vehicles, the emergence of congestions in the road network and disruptions reducing smooth traffic flow. The consequence of the phenomena is the transport congestion in urban transport systems. This article describes possibilities to change this state of affairs with the use of alternative transport method, which is the underground pipeline transportation of solid and bulk goods. The main objective of the study is to indicate the possible ways of using alternative transport routes to reduce transport congestion in large urban areas and industrial areas. There are currently implemented at least three research projects aiming to develop the theoretical and practical foundations for the underground transport of solid materials by using pipelines. In 2008, at the University of Oxford, research project Fri. FOODTUBES TM was launched. At the Ruhr University in Bochum, the project Cargo Cap is in realization. A new initiative （2014） is a research project carried out by a group of Captrans universities from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Italy, and Greece. Methodology used in those projects is primarily an analysis of reports on the current and projected traffic on the roads, highways, major hubs ect.; analysis of technical solutions used in pipeline transport of liquids and gas, as well as underground corridors drilling technologies for sewage pipes for various purposes. In the projects, there are also used computer simulations and prototypes are built. Developing parameters for the safe transport of solids in pipes is not an easy task. The solution must take into consideration logistics, economic, ecological, geological, legal, and many other aspects.     

Analysis of Mind Style in Mrs. Dallowa

This paper takes the novel Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf as an example to focus on the analysis of the mind style of the heroine of it, to explore her personality. It is hoped that the paper will extend the studies of mind styles to a wider scope, to include literary analysis of major characters in fiction. It is also hoped that the present research will provide a new perspective for readers and critics in appreciating and analyzing characters in fiction characterized with the use of the stream-of-consciousness technique.     

Study on Grey Model GM （1, 1） Forecasting for Airport Passenger Throughput

Airport passenger throughput is the most important yield guideline in airports, but there is not yet an effective method to forecast it. Grey model （GM） method can meet the request of forecast due to its strengths of little original data needed and high precision. Exploring application of GM in the forecast of airport passenger throughput can promote the development of airport industry to a great extent, so as to increase its economic profit. This paper discusses the application of grey model GM （1, 1） and its improved model in the short-term airport passenger throughput forecasting. The method for processing the forecasting data of the ordinary and special weekly throughput is offered to ensure a higher precision of forecasting.