健康对我国农村家庭非农就业的影响:效率效应与配置效应——以江苏省灌南县和新沂市为例

基于家庭经济理论与健康投资理论,本文通过构建农村家庭劳动时间分配模型,系统研究健康对农村家庭劳动力非农就业的效率效应与配置效应。基于江苏省651名农村劳动力的调查数据研究发现,劳动力健康水平不仅对劳动力自身外出就业产生影响(效率效应),还会影响家庭成员劳动时间的分配,对家庭其他成员的非农就业造成显著影响(配置效应)。效率效应表明农村劳动力自身健康状况越好,其参与非农就业概率越高;配置效应则显示家庭成员不健康的比例越高,家庭其他劳动力参与非农就业的可能性越低。改善我国农村健康状况,不仅有利于促进家庭成员自身非农就业,还有利于增加家庭其他劳动力的非农就业机会。     

我国农村劳动力非农就业的农村经济发展效应

"三农"问题关系经济社会发展全局,农村劳动力非农就业是解决"三农"问题的突破口.针对农村劳动力非农就业对农村经济发展影喻的研究,本文采用回归分析方法,借助宏观数据,建立计量经济学模型,实证分析农村劳动力非农就业与农村经济发展的因果关系,进一步计算出改革开放后农村劳动力非农就业对农村经济增长的年贡献率.研究结果表明,改革开放以来,我国农村劳动力非农就业对农村经济发展影响较大,总体上看,非农就业促进农村经济发展的效瘟显著.     

退耕农户营林决策影响因素研究

基于1132户退耕农户的生产经营行为及生计状况问卷数据,采用二元Probit模型和DEMATEL-ISM集成分析法剖析退耕农户营林决策的影响因素及其作用机制。结果表明:退耕补偿满意度、产权安全感知、非农就业技能、风险偏好水平、生计风险抵御能力、生态环境关注度与家庭劳动力数量等因素是影响退耕农户营林决策的关键要素;退耕补偿满意度与产权安全感知要素构成了结果子系统,对农户营林决策具有最强的、直接的影响效用;非农就业技能与生态环境关注度等要素构成了原因子系统,是影响退耕农户营林决策的根源性要素。     

基于农户调查的陕西农村劳动力非农就业特征分析

农村劳动力非农就业问题一直是我国农村经济发展中的一个重要课题.本文基于陕西省6个样本县366份有效农户调查问卷,分析了陕西省农村劳动力非农就业现状及近10年来在年龄、受教育程度、流入行业与地域以及数量和结构等方面所具有的特点,以期为促进陕西省农村劳动力非农就业研究及政策决策提供参考.     

非农就业对种植决策的影响*——基于土地地势的研究视角

［目的］农村劳动力非农转移影响农户农业生产方式变迁,土地质量差异造成的生产差异会随着农村劳动力非农转移造成的人力投入减少而更加显现。针对农户的市场经济行为,文章从理论及实证角度探讨农户农业劳动投入减少时农户生产决策的变化,并根据实证结果进一步探讨我国农业种植结构的变化趋势,为相关政策的制定提供决策参考。［方法］该文运用多元回归模型,从土地资源异质性的视角分析了劳动力非农就业后在不同地势耕地的农业生产决策变化。［结果］劳动力非农就业明显影响了农户种植决策,在质量较高的平地上,农户的生产决策是种植机械化生产使用高的粮食作物来减少劳动力投入下降,在质量较差的山坡地上,农户的生产决策是降低对山坡地的使用强度来解决劳动力投入不足问题,具体表现方式是降低粮食种植面积以及抛荒方式来分配家庭农业劳动投入。［结论］不同地势耕地利用强度将会出现不同变化,平原以及交通便利地区,可以通过机械来替代人力投入,交通较为不发达的山区丘陵地区,需要通过加大农业基础设施建设等来解决山区丘陵地区的抛荒问题。政策支持方面,鼓励中低产田提高产品产量与提升降本技术,保障与维护国家粮食安全。     

家庭劳动力就业结构与缓解相对贫困

文章基于CFPS2018年微观农户数据,从相对贫困发生率、相对贫困深度和相对贫困强度三个角度测度了农村贫困状况,并在此基础上利用Probit和门槛模型分析家庭劳动力就业结构对相对贫困的减缓效应。结果表明,家庭劳动力分配中增加非农就业人数能够明显减缓相对贫困,但其减贫效果具有明显的门槛特征,当家庭劳动力非农就业占比较低时(14.29%~20.00%),其对这部分家庭的相对贫困减缓效应较高,超过这一占比,减贫效应有所减弱;分析影响机制发现,家庭劳动力分配中增加非农就业人数可以促进收入增加、降低收入不确定性进而减缓相对贫困。因而,应重视农村劳动力转移问题,拓宽非农就业渠道,持续做好低收入家庭的就业帮扶工作。     

基于内生性视角的非农就业对林地流转的效应评价——来自9省1497户林农的连续监测数据

本文构建了一个基于劳动力配置和林地流转的农户决策模型,在内生性视角下阐述了非农就业对林地流转的影响机制,据此提出了研究假说。并利用国家林业局经济发展研究中心在全国9个省份开展的大样本多年份连续监测数据,对上述假说进行实证检验。考虑到非农就业的内生性以及林地流转数据的截取性,本文采用了IV-Tobit模型及其估计方法。结果显示,非农就业行为对林地流入决策产生了负向影响,且在5%的统计水平上显著;相反,非农就业对林地流出具有正向的促进作用,但这种正向影响并未通过显著性检验。林地流入决策还显著受交易成本、木材价格等因素影响,而这些因素对林地流出均不显著。这反映出林地流入是受到市场机制影响的经济决策行为,而林地流出则是更偏向于受心理因素所决定的非市场化行为,二者在行为机制上的差异性为集体林改的后续配套改革提供了政策参考。     

经济发达地区农村劳动力非农劳动供给的性别差异分析

本文利用江苏省调查数据,采用Heckman两阶段模型,对经济发达地区农村劳动力的非农供给行为及其性别差异进行了分析。研究结果表明,农村劳动力的非农劳动供给具有明显的性别差异:女性非农劳动参与率低、就业地点近、劳动强度低、非农劳动时间短、非农工资率较低;家庭和社会分工的不同使得农村男女劳动力非农劳动供给的制约因素各异,其中婚姻、学龄前儿童数和需赡养老人数对女性非农劳动供给的影响较大。     

农户参与灌溉管理意愿的影响因素分析——基于苏北地区农户的实证研究

本文采用2007年苏北地区243户农户调查数据,分析了农户参与灌溉管理意愿的影响因素,并利用Probit模型研究了各相关因素对农户参与意愿的具体影响.研究表明,农户参与灌溉管理的意愿受到户主的文化程度、户主对参与式灌溉管理认知程度、非农劳动力占家庭劳动力比例、农户社会资本、村级灌溉系统配套完好率、政府支持力度等多方面因素的影响.其中,非农劳动力占家庭劳动力比例、农户社会资本对农户参与意愿的影响相对复杂.     

农村劳动力非农收入影响因素分析 --以江汉平原稻农为例

本文在回顾农户非农行为理论和相关研究工作的基础上，利用逐步线性回归模型对农村劳动力非农收入的影响因素进行了分析，得出的结论是劳动力教育程度、非农活动的从事地点和所从事的职业及农户耕地面积对劳动力的非农收入影响显著，并据此提出了相关政策建议。     

Off-farm Labour Supply with Productivity Increases,Peak Period Production and Farm Structure Impacts

The study of of-farm employment of farm family members in the context of a neoclassical time allocation model of labor supply is used to attempt to explain the amount and type of off-farm employment currently prevalent on the Canadian Prairies. The effect of labor saving technical change together with a production process characterized by periods of peak activity affect the priority that may be assigned to off-farm work These factors require explicit consideration in the theoretical framework for the study of off-farm employment. The refinements occasioned by expanding the paradigm in this manner have implications for the role of rural development policy in the support of the agricultural sector     

The Theory of the Farm Household: An Application to Saskatchewan

A theoretical model is presented which integrates the consumption and production components of the rural household. A theoretically determined system of expenditure equations, derived factor demand equations and an off-farm labor supply equation are estimated using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. From the empirical results we conclude that if the wage rate can be observed or estimated, the farm household's behavior can be explained empirically in a manner consistent with received theory. Summary and Conclusions A theoretical model integrating the consumption and production sides of the farm household or enterprise is estimated empirically using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. The farm household was assumed to maximize its utility function subject to farm production and cash flow constraints. The empirical results indicate that the theoretical model can be estimated successfully even when data are sparse. While the coefficients for the expenditure, derived demand, and off-farm labor supply equations are consistent with coefficients from similar equations estimated separately by others, the theoretically more precise integrated approach specifies the simultaneous effect of the variables across equations. From the empirical results and the theoretical considerations it is obvious that the wage rate is a key explanatory variable in the model. The wage rate links the three components of the model–final expenditures, the derived input demands and off-farm labor hours. The wage rate is one determinant of the allocation of the operator's time (although other factors such as the nature of the operation and opportunities to work off-farm dominated in this study), and both the wage rate and the allocation of the time determine the eventual income available to the rural household. In essence, then, the problem of explaining farm household behavior when the household's business enterprise function cannot be separated from its consumption activity is similar to that of traditional models based on the theory of the firm and models of consumer behavior. The only difference is that the wage rate is observable in the traditional models but needs to be estimated as a shadow price in models which seek to explain rural household behavior. As a result, research in this area must start with an explanation of the allocation of (at least) the operator's labor and a measure of the shadow wage rate. If the entire household's allocation of time between on-farm and off-farm labor and leisure is determined, it is possible to treat its consumption and production activities separately. Further research is required to extend the model to explain household labor supply to both the farm and off-farm labor markets.     

The Impact of Coupled and Decoupled Government Subsidies on Off-Farm Labor Participation of U.S. Farm Operators

With the 1996 Farm Act, the United States introduced payments that were designed to be "decoupled." Labor allocation choices are likely to be affected by receipt of payments, and income from off-farm jobs has been the major source of income for most farm households for sometime. This article examines whether the 1996 change has affected the off-farm labor participation of farm households. We conclude that the observed increase in off-farm participation of farm operators who received payments was not the result of the 1996 policy change. Government payments, whether coupled or decoupled, have a negative effect on off-farm labor participation.     

Farmers' time allocation between farm work and off-farm work and the importance of unobserved group effects: evidence from Israeli cooperatives

Agricultural cooperatives differ in many attributes which affect members' farm and off-farm earnings in different ways. As a result, time allocation patterns between farm work and off-farm work will vary significantly across cooperatives. Participation equations in farm work and off-farm work of farmers who are members of Israeli moshavim are estimated jointly, including a cooperative-specific factor in each equation. The fixed effects are found to be significant and important, but can be only partly explained by observed cooperative attributes. This provides another support to the Monte Carlo results of Borjas and Sueyoshi, that controlling for group effects is superior to alternative models. The results also imply that unobserved factors have considerable effects on farmers' time allocation, and hence should be controlled for whenever possible.     

Multiple job holdings among dairy farm families in New York and Ontario

Previous empirical studies of multiple job holding have tended to focus on the characteristics of those obtaining off-farm employment and the factors affecting the hours supplied to those obtaining off-farm activities. None of these studies have explicitly addressed the reasons behind the decision to seek off-farm employment. Neither have they been able to examine in-depth the important issue of how this major component of the farm sector responds to alternative policies, since most studies have used cross-sectional data for a given region. A comparison between countries would permit the analysis of how multiple job holding responds to differing government policies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons for and factors affecting multiple job holdings of dairy farm families in neighboring regions of two counties, United States and Canada. The bordering regions of New York and Ontario have similar geographic conditions but significantly different farm support and social service policies. The results indicate the importance of farm income on why people work off the farm and provide evidence of multiple job holding as a flexible mechanism for coping with changes in the economic environment facing the household. For operators, the driving characteristics influencing off-farm labor participation is the farm's financial position. The supply-managed milk marketing system ensures higher and more stable returns for Ontario dairy farm labor. In contrast, it is family demographics, educational level and social support policy that appears to largely influence spousal off-farm employment decisions. Free medical care in Ontario lowers the reservation wage for household members. The effect of these farm and social support policies on the relative returns to labor in agriculture and non-farm employment explains the lower participation rate and hours supplied in off-farm work by both operators, and hours supplied in off-farm work by both operators and spouses in Ontario dairy farm household.     

Estimating the Off-farm Labor Supply in Canada

Off-farm labor supply in Canada is modeled using separate off-farm labor participation and off-farm labor supply equations, which allows variables to affect participation and labor supply differently. The data used in this study are from Statistics Canada's Agriculture-Population Linkage Database, which links the Population Census for 1986 to a 20% sample from the Census of Agriculture. Results indicate that age, education and wages have large, significant and opposite effects on participation and supply, and that government efforts to stabilize and supplement farm incomes through rural employment programs may have less effect on labor allocation decisions than do the underlying demographic factors and regional and farm characteristics.
Nous modélisons id les disponibilités d'emploi extérieur (hors-ferme) pour les agriculteurs, utilisant des équations distinctes pour la participation aux emplois extérieurs et pour l'offre des emplois extérieurs, ce qui permet de laisser les variables influer différemment sur les deux éléments. Les donées utilisées proviennent de la base de données de Statistique Canada sur le couplage agriculture-population, laquelle relie le recensement de la population de 1986 à un échantillon de 20 % prélevé sur le recensement de l'agriculture. Les résultats font voir que l'âge, le niveau de scolarisation et les salaires ont de grands effets, significatifs mais opposés, sur l'utilisation et sur les disponibilites d'emplois extérieurs et que les initiatives de'État pour stabiliser et compléter le revenu agricole au moyen de programmes d'emploi rural auraient mains d'effets sur les décisions d'attribution des emplois que les facteurs sous-jacents relevant de la démographie et des caractéristiques particulières de chaque région et exploitation.     

Parametric and Semiparametric Modeling of the Off-Farm Labor Supply of Agrarian Households in Transition Bulgaria

The reaction of labor markets to economic reforms is an important indicator of the progress of transition. Because of diminished government support and the breakup of state and collective enterprises, labor market adjustments in the transition economies have been particularly severe in the agricultural sector. This article evaluates the off-farm labor market for a sample of agrarian households in transition Bulgaria. We give particular attention to the distributional assumptions that underlie standard approaches to the evaluation of labor supply. A variety of specification tests are considered and support for standard maximum likelihood estimates which rely on normality as a maintained hypothesis is mixed. Alternative semiparametric (distribution-free) estimators are also considered. The empirical results indicate that, five years after the initiation of the transition, off-farm labor supply patterns for Bulgarian agricultural households are similar to what is commonly observed in developed market economies. Labor supply is positively affected by factors such as education and work experience which are hypothesized to increase off-farm wages. Social benefit programs providing monetary or in-kind support payments are shown to significantly decrease off-farm work.     

Moving off the farm and intensifying agricultural production in Shandong: a case study of rural labor market linkages in China

This study examines linkages between off-farm labor markets and the labor allocated by farmers to on-farm production of fruit crops. Using a stratified random sample of rural households in Shandong Province, we find that young and educated members of the labor force tend to work more frequently in the off-farm labor market, and that off-farm employment reduces the likelihood and intensity of fruit production. Fruit production is associated with lower levels of off-farm employment. Households and individuals who are less likely (or able) to find off-farm employment can benefit from shifting into fruit production. Although off-farm employment is an important avenue out of poverty, fruit production provides ways for the less educated and older households to raise their income.     

劳动力转移行为对土地流转意愿影响的实证研究

研究目的:从外出务工人员转移行为的角度研究其对土地流转意愿的影响。研究方法:实证分析法。研究结果:劳动力转移距离和转移时间影响土地流转的意愿,在县内务工的人员不愿意转出土地的意愿更强,但是有将近一半的农户对土地流转问题没有考虑过。研究结论:应通过加强农民工培训、建立区域性的劳动力市场、推进农村社会保障制度的建设来促进农村土地的流转。     

Fertilizer Use, Risk, and Off-Farm Labor Markets in the Semi-Arid Tropics of India

A two-period model is developed in which a risk-averse farmer uses off-farm labor to smooth consumption, leading to greater use of fertilizer. Fertilizer demand is shown to increase with the depth of the off-farm labor market. Controlling for exogenous weather risk, farmers use more fertilizer the lower the unemployment rate and the higher the share of nonagricultural work in total off-farm labor. The results suggest that off-farm labor markets and own-farm production may be complementary in risky production environments, so that policies which promote the depth of the off-farm labor market in low-income areas may also bolster farm productivity.