国内现行电子票据法律问题探讨

近年来,我国电子立法、立规从无到有,从2000年人民银行颁布《网上银行业务管理暂行办法》到2005年4月《电子签名法》实施,再到中国银监会2006年2月颁布的《电子银行业务管理办法》的出台,为电子票据的交易提供了一定的保障,但这几项法律仍有不足之处,需要在今后的实践中进一步完善。对此,本文提出了完善电子票据的相关法律规范的建议。     

浅析《电子签名法》出台对商业银行金融创新的影响

《中华人民共和国电子签名法》(以下简称《电子签名法》)将于2005年4月1日开始实施．电子签名将获得与传统手写签名和盖章同等的法律效力。它的颁布将对我国的电子商务、电子政务的发展产生非常重大的推动作用，也将对商业银行的金融创新产生深远的影响，这种影响主要包括以下几个方面。     

《电子签名法》对我国现代支付结算工作的影响

2004年8月28日第十届人大第十一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国电子签名法》是继《全国人大常委会关于维护互联网安全的决定》之后的第二部立法层次最高的网络立法。可以预见的是，《电子签名法》的出台将引起金融业务处理的一次革命，它将大大推动银行业务的发展，加快在途资金的流通速度，提高银行的经营效益，也将给我国当前的支付结算工作带来深远的影响。     

金融法制十年

2005年，是我国《中国人民银行法》等五部金融法律颁布十周年。1995年，全国人大及其常委会先后颁布了“五法一决定”：《中国人民银行法》、《商业银行法》、《担保法》、《票据法》、《保险法》，以及《全国人大常委会关于惩治破坏金融秩序犯罪的决定》。1995年因此被称为“金融立法年”。     

电子印章的标准化探讨

电子印章是一种具有东方特色的信息产品，随着我国《电子签名法》的颁布以及 电子政务、电子商务的快速发展，电子印章技术与其产品获得了快速发展。本文从多个方面探讨了标准电子印章实施应遵循的技术原则和规范，并提出了需解决的技术难题，最后分析预期能达到的目标。     

《电子签名法》对支付结算的影响

2004年8月28日，第十届人大第十一次会议通过了《中华人民共和国电子签名法》，它是继《全国人大常委会关于维护互联网安全的决定》之后的第二部立法层次最高的网络立法。它广泛借鉴了联合国及有关国家和地区的电子签名立法的做法，进一步确定了数据电的合法性，明确了电子签名的法律效力，规定电子签名的安全保障措施，还对电子认证服务市场的准入做出规定，明确了认证机构的法律地位及认证程序。     

浅析《电子签名法》出台对商业银行金融创新的影响

<中华人民共和国电子签名法>(以下简称<电子签名法>)将于2005年4月1日开始实施,电子签名将获得与传统手写签名和盖章同等的法律效力.它的颁布将对我国的电子商务、电子政务的发展产生非常重大的推动作用,也将对商业银行的金融创新产生深远的影响,这种影响主要包括以下几个方面.     

学习《电子签名法》 促进银行业改革发展

《中华人民共和国电子签名法》(以下简称《电子签名法》)经中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议通过，已于2005年4月1日起施行。《电子签名法》的出台，为数字证书的使用提供了技术和法律保障，它使得数字证书与手写签名具有了同样的法律效力，使网上交易变得更加安全与快捷。     

2005年4月国内经济要闻回顾

《电子签名法》4月1日起实施从4月1日开始,《电子签名法》正式施行。2005年的4月1日对我国信息化建设来说意味着一个新时代的开始,从这一天起我国信息化将有法可依。这部法律规定,可靠的电子签名与手写签名或者盖章具有同等的法律效力,届时消费者可用手写签名、公章的"电子版"、秘密代号、密码或指纹、声音、视网膜结构等安全的在网上"付钱"、"交易"及"转账"。     

电子签名法在税收征管中的应用初探

《中华人民共和国电子签名法》(以下简称《签名法》)从2005年4月1日开始正式实施,该法首次赋予电子签名具有与手写签字或盖章同等的法律效力。笔者拟以《签名法》在税收征管中应用的法律效力进行分析, 进而对其应用以及应注意的问题进行初步的探讨。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.