保障性住房供给中民间资本引导——以天津市为例

民间资本具有逐利性,民间资本参与保障性住房供给必然要追逐利益,相应的制度设计必须尊重民间资本的逐利性,给予民间资本稳定、持续的利益激励,从而保证其稳定、持续地参与保障性住房供给。但基于民间资本的流动性,需要在制度设计中中断民间资本的逐利性,避免民间资本参与保障性住房过程中为追逐利益而偏离住房保障目标。对于具有较高获益性的保障性住房,天津市允许民间资本直接参与供给;而在获益性较低的保障性住房项目中,天津市采用保障性住房投资基金、保障性住房信托投资基金、住房公积金贷款等工具鼓励民间资本参与保障性住房供给,有效地兼顾了民间资本的逐利性和保障性住房的公益性,在结果上达到了双赢。     

民间资本参与住房保障的途径——以T市为例

住房保障不可能单纯依靠政府投入,鼓励和引导民间资本参与是当务之急,T市实践证明民间资本可以参与住房保障事业,但选择民间资本参与的途径必须充分把握住房保障需求、住房保障政策以及民间资本的特质,合理利用政府主导和国有企业的表率作用,并基于民间资本、保障性住房特征构建住房保障细分政策,对民间资本科学运用利益诱导方式,并预防其流动性的危害,使民间资本更好地服务于住房保障乃至社会福利事业。     

社会组织参与住房保障的模式创新与制度保障——英国住房协会的运作经验与借鉴

以住房协会为代表的社会组织是英国保障性住房供给与管理的主要平台,在英国住房保障体系中扮演着重要的角色。对住房协会的企业化治理架构、政府外部监督机制进行了深入剖析,认为这种模式能够在保证实现住房保障政策目标的基础上提升住房配置效率,开辟了传统的"市场"和"政府"之外的第三条住房供给道路,对于完善我国住房制度供给侧改革,引导社会力量参与我国保障性住房发展有借鉴启发意义。     

浅析多渠道扩充保障性住房供给机制

我国保障性住房—直是以房地产市场宏观调控政策的姿态为房地产市场服务的,但是随着我国城市住房需求的不断增长,保障性住房已经不单单只是稳定房地产市场的"配角"了,它成为解决中低收入居民住房困难问题的渠道。因此,针对目前我国保障性住房供给机制中存在的诸多问题,多渠道扩充、合理选择保障性住房供给方式是十分重要的。     

保障性住房供给对新型城镇化的影响研究——基于城市面板数据的实证分析

利用2010—2019年中国254个城市的面板数据，实证研究保障性住房供给对推进城镇化的影响效应和实现机制。研究发现，保障性住房供给对于城镇化率有显著的促进作用，其中公共租赁住房对于推进城镇化率的影响效应大于经济适用房和廉租住房，狭义的保障性住房的影响效应大于低价商品房以及其他更广义的保障性住房。机制分析表明，保障性住房供给主要通过预期效应对城镇化率产生影响，更完善的社会保障有利于进一步发挥保障性住房在推动新型城镇化进程中的作用和效果。着力推进保障性住房供给以解决“住有所居”问题是推进新型城镇化的关键，应当有针对性地优化保障性住房供给体系，并从扩大供给、全国统筹、协同推进三个方面提出了政策建议。     

韩国保障性住房供给及经验借鉴

近年来,韩国政府采取多种措施保障中低收入和低收入家庭的基本住房需求,取得了一定成效。本文在综述韩国保障性住房政策的基础上,着重从供给体系和供给管理方面,讨论2008年金融危机后出台的安居住房政策。研究发现,韩国政府在保障性住房供给方面,采用多种供给模式,实行预申请制度,专设机构统筹管理,使保障性住房建设取得良好效果。其经验具有一定的借鉴意义。     

保障性住房“退出难”的破解之道——以杭州市廉租住房为样本

保障性住房是市场经济条件下政府为了解决市场失灵而提供的一种公共产品。作为投入有限资金的政府公共资源,现实中保障性住房"退出难"的情况时有发生,若不加以重视解决,则容易导致保障性住房供给结构失衡,加剧供需矛盾,造成有限的住房资源难以发挥最大的保障作用。本文以租赁型保障性住房中的廉租住房为分析样本,解读当前廉租住房的制度架构,并分析了廉租住房退出管理中的现实困难及背景原因。在此基础上,提出从制度建设、工作机制、配套措施等方面多管齐下破解"退出难"问题,以期为保障性住房退出管理提供多维的解决思路。     

成都市人才保障性住房运营管理存在的问题及改进建议

在实施人才强国战略的大背景下,本文以成都市人才保障性住房为例,分析其具体实施情况。在成都市人才保障性住房发展的过程中,主要存在人才保障性住房区位局限、租赁期限短、人才保障性住房供给量不足与配套设施不完善等问题。本文在分析问题的基础上,提出优化改进建议,促进成都市人才保障性住房稳定运营,助力建设人才强市。     

我国保障房建设的PPP模式与公众参与改进

加快保障性住房建设,大幅提升保障性住房供给,可以解决由住房供给结构严重失衡引发的高房价等一系列社会和经济问题。但是由于融资渠道狭窄,我国保障房的建设推广遭遇资金瓶颈。本文在剖析PPP模式的内涵及优势的基础上,探讨了适合我国基本国情的保障性住房PPP模式的具体运作流程,并提出通过引入公众参与机制,构建政-企-民三方合作框架,改进PPP模式下保障房供给的构想,以期实现PPP融资模式在我国保障性住房建设中的推广应用。     

社会资本参与公共租赁住房建设、运营与管理:荷兰模式与启示

通过对荷兰公共租赁住房供给主体演变的研究与分析,发现社会资本参与公共租赁住房供给是荷兰公共租赁住房部门持续发展的一个重要因素。社会资本主要通过住房协会(直接参与)和融资(间接参与)等途径参与公共租赁住房建设、运营与管理,并在市场化改革的推动下形成了完全依靠社会资本从事公共租赁住房融资、建设、运营与管理的荷兰模式。这一模式的形成与政府的政策支持密切相关,荷兰积累的经验为我国社会资本参与公共租赁住房建设、运营与管理提供了有益的启示。     

Surprofits et rentes foncières dans la ville capitaliste

In the capitalist city, ground rents reflect for capital the image of its own development and uneven growth, by imposing upon each particular capital the laws of capital as a whole. Therefore, landed property and rent are neither the regulators of urbanization, nor the source of urban contradictions. Capitalist relations of production imply in themselves the autonomy of private poles of accumulation and deny the possibility of a real social control over the formation of the useful effects of agglomeration. These effects thus necessarily constitute for particular capitals non-reproducible or unevenly preconstituted conditions, and consequently so is the basis of surplus profits which can be transformed into ground rents. The existence of strictly non-reproducible conditions is the foundation of the transformation of branch surplus profits into absolute rent, the unevenly preconstituted conditions inducing differential surplus profits transformable into differential rent. It is the non-reproducibility of the commodity itself which is at the basis of surplus profits and monopoly rents. The transformation of these surplus profits into rents in no way implies the existence of a class of landowners, but only relations of production in which landed property is not only autonomous from capital, but also includes a social content which as such can put up an effective resistance to it. The basis of this resistance can as well be capitalist landed property as various forms of non-capitalist landed property.     

经济低梯度区居民住房福利受损原因及保障机制

资本与劳动力要素之间在流动性方面的差异使得经济低梯度地区居民的住房福利受到了很大损失,因此,对外来投资性需求资本进行限制存在着一定的合理性.但是,在具体实现机制上应当对外来资本区别对待,并对本地居民构成的合理内涵加以科学的界定,同时,税收较其他手段而言,在限制外来投资性需求影响和保障本地居民住房福利方面更能够起到积极的作用.     

近代天津保障性住房建设（1940—1942）

近代中国，战乱和自然灾害频发，各大城市在不同程度上出现房荒，住房问题非常严峻。1939年华北水灾之后，天津市的住房供应更加紧张。日军占领下的天津特别市政府为了安抚民心，在1940—1942年的三年间连续建房，分别叫做“市营住房”、“平民住房”和“日式住房”，其性质基本相同，都是利用公有土地建房，产权公有，以相对低廉的价格租给市民居住的保降性住房。这些市营住房虽然并没有对低收入者进行特别保护，但增加了天津住房市场的供应，对当时严重的住房短缺问题起到了一定的缓解作用。     

Financing China's Suburbanization: Capital Accumulation through Suburban Land Development in Hangzhou

China's rapid urbanization has resulted in substantial suburbanization over recent decades. However, limited research has been conducted into how land‐based capital is mobilized, accumulated and circulated within the circuits of the capital accumulation process, or how land‐based capital is used to finance massive investment in suburbanization by China's local governments, especially since the trend in land commodification during the 2000s. We examined the capital switching experience in the city of Hangzhou and our findings indicate that local governments have attempted to simultaneously strengthen housing development and industrial growth. In contrast to experiences of suburbanization in Western countries, a real estate boom during the early days of suburbanization in Hangzhou was not necessarily the result of diversion of excess capital from over‐accumulated investments in the manufacturing industry. Rather, it was a consequence of capital accumulation facilitated by land‐reserve systems and land‐based financing of infrastructure orchestrated by local government. Local governments and their affiliated land‐reserve centers and local investment platforms have acted as entrepreneurs by using profits from suburban property development to subsidize industrial investments and fund the infrastructure‐supported expansion of outer suburbs. These findings highlight the potential risks of land‐centered accumulation and provide important reflections upon the theory of David Harvey in the context of urban China.     

Old Wine in Private Equity Bottles? The Resurgence of Contract‐for‐Deed Home Sales in US Urban Neighborhoods

This article describes the reemergence, in the wake of the mortgage crisis, of a predatory financial practice in predominantly black neighborhoods in the US: the contract for deed (CFD). The CFD has a notorious urban history; it was a focus of social justice organizing in 1960s Chicago, which helped lay the groundwork for advocacy that culminated in two important laws in the US: the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 and the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977. This article places the reemergence of the CFD in the post‐crisis cycle of housing investment and disinvestment, estimates the minimum scale of CFD ownership, and examines the geography of a well‐known CFD seller in the Atlanta area. As policymakers in the US took efforts to restrict predatory lending fueled by private‐label securitization following the subprime crisis, capital markets shifted toward private equity financiers who provided a new supply of lightly regulated capital for urban housing markets. Predominantly black neighborhoods became prey for high‐return schemes meant to extract as much cash flow out of vulnerable residents as possible, offering them the illusion of homeownership. The findings show that the CFD seller focused on black neighborhoods and suggests that its profits from this activity have been quite lucrative.     

美国的廉租住房保障措施及借鉴

美国廉租住房保障的措施主要包括:以政府的直接支出开发公共住房、政府资助开发私有出租房、要求或鼓励开发商提供廉价(租)住房以及向租住家庭提供租金补贴以扩大其住房需求。分析了这些措施的优势和不足。认为我国应建立以中央政府为主导的廉租住房保障机制;在建设和保有一定量的公共廉租住房的同时依靠优惠政策吸引私人投资,扩大廉租住房的供给;进一步完善廉租住房货币补贴保障机制;要求或鼓励开发商在建设经济适用房、普通商品房的同时配建廉租住房。     

Optimal density of radial major roads in a two-dimensional monocentric city with endogenous residential distribution and housing prices

This paper proposes an analytical urban system equilibrium model for optimizing the density of radial major roads in a two-dimensional monocentric city. The proposed model involves four types of agents: local authorities, property developers, households and household workers (i.e. commuters). The local authorities aim to maximize the total social welfare of the urban system by determining the optimal density of radial major roads in the city. The property developers seek to determine the intensity of their capital investment in the land market to maximize the net profit generated from the housing supply. The households choose residential locations that maximize their utility within a budget constraint, and the commuters choose the radial major roads that minimize their individual costs of travel between home and workplace. A heuristic solution procedure is developed to find the urban system equilibrium solution. A system optimum model is also proposed to optimize the density of radial major roads that maximizes the social welfare of the urban system. The proposed model can endogenously determine household residential distribution and land values across the city, along with the housing market structure in terms of housing prices and space. Numerical comparative static analyses of congestion pricing and road infrastructure investment (adding a new radial major road) are carried out together with evaluation of the effects of the service level of radial major roads, urban population size, and household income level on the urban economy.     

基于公平的中低收入居民住房保障体系研究

住房问题是关系到国计民生的大问题,为低收入者提供住房是住房保障制度重要内容,也是构建和谐社会的必然要求。我国已经初步建立起了以经济适用房制度、廉租房制度、住房公积金为主要内容的住房保障制度。从财政和金融政策两大层面,分析了我国住房保障制度的财政金融支持问题,提出了解决住房保障资金问题的路径选择,主要包括:完善政府住房保障投入;设立专业性的住房银行;发展并完善商业性抵押贷款业务等。     

各国多元租赁房供给模式与启示

在各国的住房市场上，租赁住房具有不可或缺的地位。它既可满足消费者多样化选择，促进人口劳动力的合理流动，平抑售房市场价格，还可减轻政府公共住房的压力。为培养租赁住房市场，各国政府无不运用财税、金融、法律等多种政策鼓励民营资本进入租赁市场，使得非盈利组织、住房合作社、房地产信托基金、保险公司和私人业主成为租赁住房的主力军。借鉴国外经验，遵循《政府工作报告》中“建机制、补短板、兜底线”的精神，补好住房政策中租赁市场欠发达的短板，鼓励民营资本进入，更有效地解决大城市住房难的问题。