兼容并蓄的学术大师:宋则行经济思想研究

宋则行(1917-2013年)是当代中国杰出的经济学家,在理论经济学和应用经济学多个领域均有重要建树,为推进中国经济学发展和改革开放与经济建设事业做出重要贡献.本文概括介绍了宋则行在促进西方经济学中国化和发展马克思经济学等方面的若干成就,分析评述了其兼容并蓄的科学方法,并探讨了继承中国老一代杰出经济学家优良学术传统,对于促进中国经济学健康发展的重要启示意义.     

学术顾问之窗

厉以宁,享誉海内外的著名经济学家,对于经济学和中国经济改革与发展作出重要贡献。厉以宁教授在对中国以及其他许多国家经济运行的实践进行比较研究的基础上,发展了非均衡经济理论,并运用这一理论解     

董辅礽谈资本贡献

董辅礽作为中国最有影响的经济学家之一,他在理论实践方面为推动中国经济改革与发展做出了开拓性贡献。对中国经济学家来说,既令人烦恼又使人兴奋的是,他们面临的是世界上最复杂的国情与经济;他最早提出并一直坚持所有制改革是中国经济改革的关键……中国经济学家探索解决的问题,是世界上最复杂、最艰深的经济上的“哥德巴赫猜想”。     

“完善社会主义市场经济体制 全面建设小康社会理论研讨会”综述(太原)

2003年11月25～27日，由中国孙冶方经济科学基金会和山西财经大学举办的“完善社会主义市场经济体制，全面建设小康社会”理论研讨会在太原山西财经大学召开。中国社会科学院特邀顾问、孙冶方经济科学基金会副理事长、著名经济学家刘国光教授，孙冶方经济科学基金会秘书长、中国社会科学院研究员、著名经济学家张卓元教授，孙冶方经济科学基金会评奖委员、中国社会科学院研究员周叔莲教授，中国人民大学博士生导师、著名经济学家卫兴华教授，孙冶方经济科学基金会副秘     

比较优势与转型经济学——读《中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革》

由于意识形态方面多年以来的差异或隔阂,西方世界的一些经济学家,曾经长期对中国的经济体制改革抱着怀疑的态度。如果说他们熟悉的理论在剖析过去中国经济的弊端方面常常显得颇有道理的话,他们却经常对于中国经济体制改革的现实进程感觉迷惑不解。不必讳言,这一情况的另一背景是,虽然中国经济体制改革的领导人很注意听取外界的意见,但是很难具体辨认哪一项措施是遵照了哪一位外国经济学家的详细建议。这和东欧和前苏联一些国家请外国专家制定改革计划的情况,很不相同。     

和谐社会构建与现代市场体系完善

本文从现代经济学的角度,探讨了构建和谐社会与建立现代市场经济体制两者的内在一致性问题。文章首先讨论了对和谐社会目标如何理解,并结合和谐社会的特征与内涵讨论了其与效率、公平和法治的关系。随后通过将现代经济学中的一些深刻思想和理论结果,与中国改革的实践相结合,论证了和谐社会构建与现代市场体系的相容性。本文的基本结论是,构建和谐社会的过程应是一个以市场化改革为取向的制度变迁或体制创新的过程。由此本文给出了相应的政策性建议,并讨论了经济学家在构建和谐社会中应尽的责任。     

从科斯定理看产权制度

德国经济学家柯武刚和史漫飞编著的<制度经济学>提出建立和保护私人产权的制度是资本主义系统的基础,界定明确和受保护的产权对于激励人们的努力是必不可少的因素.本文将从科斯定理角度入手,分析探究那么现代社会如何通过有效资源配置,界定明私有产权,发挥其应有的经济作用.     

从科斯定理看产权制度

德国经济学家柯武刚和史漫飞编著的《制度经济学》提出建立和保护私人产权的制度是资本主义系统的基础,界定明确和受保护的产权对于激励人们的努力是必不可少的因素。本文将从科斯定理角度入手,分析探究那么现代社会如何通过有效资源配置,界定明私有产权,发挥其应有的经济作用。     

中国利用外资的经济效果分析

中国利用外资的经济效果分析本文是中国经济改革研究基金会北京国民经济研究所１９９７年度“中国宏观经济问题研究”系列招标课题的子课题成果。牛南洁（中国社会科学院研究生院博士生１０００１５）关于外资对经济增长的贡献，经济学家们历来有不同的看法。著名的“...     

高小勇“诺贝尔大追寻”的出台

几年前,中央一位负责经济工作的领导同志曾嘱托我国一位资深的经济学家,集中邀请几位美国的诺贝尔经济学奖的获得者来中国访问。中国经济改革的决策者需要倾听来自西方经济学家的特殊声音,可是当时能来中国的诺奖得主只落实到一     

经济转型理论评析

经济转型之初 ,一些经济学家基于新古典经济学信条提出 ,可以通过“激进”措施将原来的计划体制一次性破除而重建一个全新的市场经济。但迅速私有化并没有带来企业治理结构的改善和原国有资产的有效重组。与此形成鲜明对照的是 ,中国的渐进改革却取得了成功 ,并得到了越来越广泛的认可。 2 0世纪 90年代中期以来 ,经济转型理论开始发生变化 ,“制度演进主义”的影响日渐扩大 ,经济学家开始强调市场经济支持性制度的重要性以及制度变革的长期性 ,认为分权、激励、竞争、良好的司法和会计制度等比私有化更重要 ,并在政治经济学层面上分析了不确定性、利益集团、政府、改革秩序与步骤对制度变迁的影响。     

非农就业、母亲照料与儿童健康——来自中国乡村的证据

中国农村女性参与非农就业的比例显著提高,对于增进家庭收入、减少贫困起到了积极的作用。但从女性在家庭中的双重身份——挣取收入者和照看孩子的主要人员出发,其劳动模式和供给行为的改变对于下一代福利的影响和人力资本的积累所起到的作用却是不确定的。本文通过将农村地区妇女的劳动供给状况进行区分,就其劳动参与行为对孩童健康状况的影响进行了探讨。在控制其他因素的情况下,母亲额外单位的劳动时间的增加对孩子的健康状况具有显著的负向影响,且同样的母亲非农劳动时间的增加对于孩童健康的负面影响大于农业劳动时间增加的影响程度,而母亲收入增加对孩子健康状况具有显著的正向影响;边际效果分析表明母亲收入增加对孩子健康的正向影响难以抵销劳动时间增加所带来的负面效果。孩子性别不同所受到的影响亦不同,女童相对而言处于健康的劣势地位。虽然母亲的劳动供给有助于缩小孩子营养状况的性别差距,但却是以所有儿童的健康状况下降为代价的。研究结果预期具有较强的政策含义。     

我国区域经济差异变动的原因:一个要素流动和集聚经济的视角

现有关于我国区域差异原因的研究大多忽视了地区间的要素流动和集聚经济效应对地区经济差异的影响.本文将要素流动和集聚经济效应纳入一个统一的框架下来考察我国区域差异的变化情况,通过将外部规模经济效应纳入新经济地理学模型,建立了同时涵盖外部规模经济效应、本地市场效应和要素流动的集聚经济模型.数值模拟的结论也显示,在要素流动条件下,当外部规模经济效应和本地市场效应达到一定水平时,经济活动趋于完全集聚是稳定均衡,这说明如果考虑集聚经济效应,地区间的要素流动不但不能使得区域差异趋于收敛反而会促使区域差异不断拉大,从而很好的解释了1990年以来我国区域差异扩大的特征事实.     

Institutions in the economy and some institutions of mainstream economics: From the late 1970s to the 2008 financial and economic crisis

This article proposes a conceptual and theoretical institutional approach to the relations between the economy and economics and uses it to examine, through a structured survey of the literature, the relations between institutions in the economy and the institutions of mainstream economics, macroeconomics, and financial economics, highlighting issues related to the financial and macroeconomic crisis and focusing on the United States from the late 1970s to 2008. Institutions are socially shared systems of rules of behavior or of thought. Some systems of mental and behavioral rules are socially shared among economic agents and policymakers in part because they are socially shared among academic economists. They may exert on economic agents and policymakers some of the same types of influence they have on economists. On the other hand, there are important limits to the influence of the institutions of economics outside academia, and institutions in the economy also influence the institutions of economics.     

从政府到企业:关于中国民营企业研究文献的综述

在有关中国经济转轨的理论研究中 ,民营企业是最引人注目的领域之一。本文尝试在认真梳理该领域主要研究文献的基础上 ,从另一个侧面勾勒出中国改革进程的大致线索。本文的分析表明 ,从单纯对市场竞争和激励机制的强调 ,到对模糊产权的关注 ,直至地方政府的全面退出 ,中国民营企业的内涵发生了实质性的变化。当民营企业逐渐成为主流经济学意义上的“企业”时 ,它也随之淡出了主流经济学的分析视野 ,文献关注的中心开始从“解释问题”转向“解决问题”。令人感兴趣的是 ,从产权已基本明晰的民营企业发展现状出发 ,将会把我们引导到一种什么样的未来状态 ?目前的经验和对策性研究似乎还无法给出确定的答案。     

关于创建与发展中国经济学的若干思考

理论经济学可划分为马克思主义经济学、西方经济学和中国经济学。发展社会主义市场经济是一个全新的课题,在马克思主义经济学和西方经济学中都找不到现成答案。中国经济学应在经济学研究已取得的成果的基础上,扎根于本土,深入系统地研究现实社会主义初级阶段的生产关系,通过对社会主义市场经济运行和发展的分析,揭示社会主义初级阶段市场经济运动的规律。     

The end of economic transition

The transition from plan to market was the largest natural experiment in economics ever. Now, 20 years from the start of transition, all former socialist countries are market economies at the middle stage of economic development, and convergence with neighbours, if not with the developed world, is largely achieved. With hindsight, it is clear that economists have spent too much time debating proper sequencing of reforms and the fine‐tuning of reform packages. At the same time, the magnitude of the output and consumption fall in some countries was vastly underestimated, while the benefits of reforms have taken longer to materialize than expected. Successful practitioners of reform praise perseverance during and after the initial setbacks and willingness to make political compromises. At the conclusion of the natural experiment, transition economics has all but vanished as an academic discipline, although it played a crucial role in the formation of modern political economics.     

Creationism versus Evolutionism in Economics: Societal Consequences of Economic Doctrine

In the 1940s and 1950s, institutionalist economists rapidly lost their influence over American economics. In parallel, a new mainstream emerged, and the institutionalists were extremely dissatisfied with the path taken by the economic science. We analyze the opinions and feelings about this context to shed light on the institutionalists’ understanding of the new mainstream economics. We construct a historical account of the institutionalists’ dissatisfaction with post-war economics based on archival material from the personal papers of Allan Gruchy, John Gambs, John Blair, and Clarence Ayres. In the period analyzed, the economists, who would later found the Association for Evolutionary Economics, acted as dissenters rather than institutionalists. In part, this explains the pluralistic path that the association has followed ever since its foundation.     

On Misunderstanding Government: an Analysis of the Art of Policy Advice

In the traditional economics literature government is treated as an agent exogenous to the economy. When economists confront situations where individuals cannot sign binding contracts, they invoke government as the “third party” that can enforce the contracts; after studying the macroeconomic problems of a country, economists frequently go on to tell what government should do to improve the outcome. It is argued in this paper that this is an erroneous view of government and is the reason why the advice of economists and other social scientists have had so little impact on government behavior. The difficulties of advising an endogenous government are highlighted by developing a new game, the Cheater's Roulette. It demonstrates that even when the adviser and the politician have very similar objectives, there may be no straightforward way to transmit the knowledge of the adviser to the politician. Having analysed the subject of advising government, the paper goes on to discuss, more speculatively, some general issues concerning the modeling of an endogenous government.     

Why is there controversy regarding China’s staple grain food market integration? Evidence and implication from price convergent club analysis

There remains ongoing controversy regarding the degree to which Chinese food markets are integrated. Some economists conclude that China’s grain economy is well integrated, while others argue that China’s gradual reforms have led to fragmented domestic markets while others conclude that previous studies have produced mixed results. To reconcile the debate, this article models and analyses the behaviour of China’s food grain retail markets by testing for the existence of the convergent price clustering clubs using appropriate econometric methods and price data over 1997–2010. The article finds evidence as to why the controversy remains by identifying a number of small divergent price clustering clubs where it is hard to conclude that China’s food grain markets are fully integrated. However, given that large convergent clustering clubs were also identified, it can be concluded that the degree to which Chinese grain food retail markets are integrated is ‘high’. This finding is important for those who plan to investigate the economic behaviour of grain production under the assumption of a pure, fully integrated, food market economy in China.