A new view of shareholder voting in the nineteenth century: evidence from Brazil,England and France

Business corporations in the nineteenth century often imposed limits on the voting rights of large shareholders. Economic historians have generally interpreted these voting restrictions as a contractual mechanism designed to protect small shareholders in a legal environment that afforded insufficient investor protection. This dominant account, however, fails to explain the variation in the incidence of voting restrictions across different industries and firm ownership structures, as well as their eventual disappearance from corporate charters over time. In this Article, we advance an alternative interpretation for these early voting schemes as efforts at consumer protection employed primarily by firms that were local service monopolies and collectively owned by their principal customers, none of whom wished the firm to come under the exclusive control of their competitors or of profit-maximising investors. We explore and test this proposition by analysing data on shareholder voting rights in the nineteenth century in Brazil, England, and France.     

The Role of the DS/AHP in Identifying Inter-Group Alliances and Majority Rule Within Group Decision Making

DS/AHP is a nascent method of multi-criteria decision-making, based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence and indirectly the Analytic Hierarchy Process. It is concerned with the identification of the levels of preference that decision makers have towards certain decision alternatives (DAs), through preference judgements made over a number of different criteria. The working result from a DS/AHP analysis is the body of evidence (BOE), which includes a series of mass values that represent the exact beliefs in the best DA(s) existing within certain subsets of DAs. This paper considers the role of DS/AHP as an aid to group decision-making, through the utilisation of a distance measure (between BOEs). Here, the distance measure enables the identification of the members of the decision-making group who are in most agreement, with respect to the judgements they have individually made. The utilisation of a single linkage dendrite approach to clustering elucidates an appropriate order to the aggregation of the judgements of the group members. This develops the DS/AHP method as a tool to identify inter-group alliances, as well as introduce a ‘majority rule’ approach to decision-making through consensus building.     

积极创新是"十一五"规划时期的战略重点

“十一五”时期,我国将面临一系列两难问题的挑战,迎接这些挑战必须继续坚持改革开放,积极推进制度创新和科技创新。制度创新要解决国有企业的合理定位,区别对待提供公共产品的国有企业和竞争性国有企业,探索政企分开的有效形式。科技创新要在引进和消化国外先进技术的基础上,大力支持财政、金融、人事等方面的自主创新,促使我国由制造业大国转向制造业强国,同时努力借鉴科技创新国际合作的先进经验,促进科技国际创新合作的制度化。     

西部地区经济与生态环境互动发展的路径选择

近些年来我国西部地区经济在快速增长的同时,也付出了沉重的代价。西部地区的生态环境出现了恶化,形势不容乐观。以可持续发展理论作为指导思想,提出西部地区实现经济与生态环境良性互动发展的基本思路和具体建议。     

Corporate Governance and Strategic Change in SMEs: The Effects of Ownership,Board Composition and Top Management Teams

This paper investigates how governance mechanisms affect the ability of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to introduce strategic change. Previous research typically assumes that governance mechanisms operate independently of each other. Building on agency theory and insights from the literature on small firm governance, we hypothesize that governance variables related to ownership, the board of directors and the top management team all affect strategic change and that it is important to examine the interaction effects of these governance mechanisms. Using a longitudinal sample of over 800 SMEs, our general logic and hypotheses are supported by the analyses. We find that closely held firms exhibit less strategic change than do SMEs relying on more widespread ownership structures. However, to some extent, closely held firms can overcome these weaknesses and achieve strategic change by utilizing outside directors on the board and/or extending the size of the top management teams. Implications for theory and management practice in SMEs are discussed. All three authors have contributed equally to the paper. Their names are listed alphabetically.     

粤东温室蝴蝶兰有害生物调查及发生规律分析

通过对温室蝴蝶兰有害生物的调查,发现危害蝴蝶兰的斜纹夜蛾、介壳虫、螨类、粉虱、蓟马、蜗牛以及病毒等是出口值得关注的有害生物,同时发现鳞长跳虫对蝴蝶兰根部的危害和太平洋细须螨的传入扩散;蝴蝶兰的细菌性褐斑病和眼蕈蚊在粤东危害较为严重,尤其要重点预防。由于温室栽培过程高温高湿,有害生物常年发生,其中虫害发生不规则,细菌性和真菌性病害多以夏季及初秋发生较为严重,而病毒应以防止感染传播为主。     

经济欠发达地区科技服务业发展研究

经济欠发达地区的科技意识、科技资源拥有量与发达地区有较大差距,不能采取与经济发达地区相同的发展策略。经济欠发达地区的科技服务业应分步构建三大平台:以企业孵化器等孵化机构为主的创业平台,以三中心一实验室为主的研发平台,以仪器设备等资源共享为内容的资源共享平台。     

国内网红经济与国外影响者营销的联系与区别——基于对于概念的比较和考察

当下国内网红经济与国外影响者营销的实践发展日新月异,但相关理论发展远远滞后,且两者作为两个独立的体系各自发展,双方的交流对话严重不足,从而成为制约这一领域学术发展的瓶颈。同时,国内网红研究多参考外国理论和先行研究进行解释和模型构建,而少有本土独创性理论,也少有研究深入讨论,中国的网红和外国的社交媒体影响者(SMIs)、网红经济和影响者营销(IM)是否在概念上等价。同时当下网红经济的关注焦点聚集在直播营销领域,也少有研究系统考察两者的联系和区别。对此,本文研究在哲学对概念内涵与外延理解的指导下,建立先行文献数据库并系统地对中国的网红与网红经济、中国的网红与国外的社交媒体影响者,中国的网红经济与直播营销、中国的网红经济和国外的影响者营销的概念进行梳理,并找出他们的区别和联系。并在此基础上探讨国外的理论在哪些方面是可以借用的,在哪些方面急需中国自己的理论构建,以期为未来的理论发展提供一定参考。     

颠覆性环境下的组织身份变革与战略变革——比较研究及整合框架构建

在数字经济时代,组织所处的外部环境越发呈现高度动态性、不确定性甚至颠覆性特征,"变革"越来越成为组织应对颠覆性环境、保持竞争优势的重要途径。组织身份是组织成员关于"作为组织,我们是谁"的集体认知和共同信念,也是指导组织战略决策与实施的认知模式和行为准则(即"我是谁"决定"我应该做什么"),改变组织身份是实现很多重要战略变革的前提条件。通过构建组织身份变革与战略变革的整合性理论框架,本文对组织身份变革与战略变革进行系统比较,分析两者的差异性与内在逻辑关系,并从两者的整合视角探究传统企业转型升级、企业跨界经营、破坏性创新技术采纳等现象,发现跨界经营已成为数字经济时代企业经营战略的显著特征和普遍现象,传统企业转型升级应深入到组织身份层面,只有变革组织身份才能"抛弃"过去的认知模式和行为准则,真正将自己融入到数字经济时代。     

Strategic roads that diverge or converge: GM and Toyota in the battle for the top

General Motors (GM) and Toyota competed in the global automobile industry for many decades. While GM hung on to the Number 1 position longer than any other automaker, it lost this position to Toyota in 2008. It took Toyota 71 years to beat GM but only 2 years for GM to regain the top spot in 2011. Through a brief analysis of the history of these two rivals, I explain why GM and Toyota demonstrated different ways of falling from the Number 1 spot. I argue that the reason for the reversal of leadership positions for these two automakers can be understood by examining executive hubris and the way it either facilitated path dependence or promoted a departure from an established path for the perpetuation of market leadership. I then demonstrate how GM and Toyota acted contrastingly with respect to path dependence and how their CEOs injected hubris almost the same way in their decisions to hold on to the top position. Contrary to the longstanding myth, I also demonstrate that it was hubris—as opposed to humility—that characterized executive leadership in Toyota in its last 15 years. Recommendations for practicing or budding executives of large corporations are given.     

Strategic manoeuvres and impression management: communication approaches in the case of a crisis event

This historical study examines the actions of the Australian former asbestos company, James Hardie, when faced with a potentially ruinous corporate scandal between 2001 and 2007. The company became vilified as public awareness grew of the damage to public health its use of asbestos had caused. In response, it set-up a knowingly underfunded compensation fund supported by a strategy of misinformation and denial. Its actions are analysed using Oliver’s typology of strategic responses and theories of crisis management and crisis communications, providing insights into the company’s motivations for adopting strategies that took it to the brink of financial collapse.     

Technological Convergence in the IT Industry: The Role of Strategic Technology Alliances and Technological Competencies

For some time now, the convergence of the telecommunications and computer industries into a single 'information and entertainment' industry has been predicted. The acquisitions that appeared to be bringing such a convergence about have not, however, proved particularly successful. The paper suggests that one factor behind the relatively low degree of convergence may be inertia. Following evolutionary and ecological theory, the paper argues that both external and internal inertial forces reduce the ability of firms to deal with changes in their technological cores. The paper concludes that technological convergence, although apparent on the technological and product/market level, does not seem to have affected the 'core' competencies of major IT companies.     

信任与战略决策绩效:对中国家族企业高层管理团队的一个实证研究

大量文献讨论了我国私营企业中的“信任”问题;许多轶闻式的证据也表明,私营企业高层管理团队成员的彼此信任程度极大地影响了其绩效和成长。本文试图从高层管理团队的角度,探讨信任与企业战略决策绩效的关系,并揭示高层管理团队内信任的影响因素。通过实证研究发现,我国私营企业高层管理团队内的信任度与团队成员间的社会交往程度有非常密切的联系,同时,信任度直接影响了高管层的战略决策绩效。     

Enhancing National Security and Energy Security in the Post-911 Era: Group Decision Support for Strategic Policy Analysis under Conditions of Conflict

Energy source diversity has become a fundamental principle of both US energy security and national security. The decision of whether or not to approve a new power plant facility in the US involves complex group decision and negotiation processes. These contentious, value-laden, and multi-faceted self organizing processes involve many decision makers (broad constituencies) with conflicting priorities and dynamic preferences, high decision stakes, limited technical information (both in terms of quality and quantity), and difficult tradeoffs. As population pressures and energy demands continue to mount, advances in conflict resolution can help to improve power plant siting processes as well as US energy security and national security. Specifically, this paper uses advances in the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution and its associated decision support system (DSS) GMCR II to analyze strategic aspects of a multi-party energy dispute involving the co-management of a shared air shed in the Fraser Lowland Eco-Region based on Sumas Energy 2 (SE2), a contentious power plant project proposed for the US side of the international border between the city of Abbotsford, British Columbia and town of Sumas, Washington. GMCR II provides strategic insights for enhancing energy security, national security, and environmental risk management in the United States.     

Ethics and Genetics: Susceptibility Testing in the Workplace

Genetic testing in the workplace is a technology both full of promise and fraught with ethical peril. Though not yet common, it is likely to become increasingly so. We survey the key arguments in favour of such testing, along with the most significant ethical worries. We further propose a set of pragmatic criteria, which, if met, would make it permissible for employers to offer (but not to require) workplace genetic testing.     

破解IT能力与绩效关系谜团:战略柔性的视角——来自华南地区外向型制造业的实证研究

文章以华南地区外向型制造企业为例,对IT能力、战略柔性及绩效关系进行了实证研究。结果表明,IT能力只对非财务绩效有显著的直接正向影响,而对财务绩效没有,但会通过战略柔性中介作用于两类绩效。IT能力对先动柔性和响应柔性均有显著的直接正向影响,同时,先动柔性和响应柔性对非财务绩效具有显著的直接正向影响,但先动柔性对财务绩效的直接影响却不显著。     

Global and Local Concentration Patterns in Banking: An Analysis of the EU,the US and Mexico

ABSTRACT

In recent decades, there has been a clear trend towards the consolidation of banking. The first part of this paper reviews and contrasts different theoretical approaches that aim to explain that phenomenon. In the second and third sections, we present an analysis of the consolidation of banking in Europe and the United States to illustrate the nature of the driving forces of such a process. The fourth section presents a detailed discussion of the Mexican banking industry consolidation experience and discusses preliminary data on the performance evolution of incumbent institutions in the new environment created by the 1995 financial crisis.

RESUMEN. A lo largo de las últimas décadas se ha observado una tendencia bien definida hacia la consolidación de la banca. La primera parte de este estudio revisa y traza un contraste entre los enfoques teóricos que pretenden explicar este fenómeno. En la segunda y tercera, presentamos un análisis de la consolidación de la banca en Europa y los Estados Unidos, para ilustrar la naturaleza de las fuerzas que impulsan dicho proceso. La cuarta sección presenta una discusión detallada sobre la experiencia de la banca mexicana en la consolidación del sector, y examinamos los datos preliminares sobre la evolución del desempeño de las instituciones existentes en el nuevo entorno creado por la crisis financiera de 1995.

RESUMO. Nas últimas décadas, observa-se uma clara tendência para a consolidação dos bancos. A primeira parte deste estudo revê e compara as diversas abordagens teóricas que tentam explicar este fenômeno. Na segunda e na terceira partes, apresentamos uma análise da consolidação dos bancos na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, para ilustrar a natureza das forças que impulsionam tal processo. A quarta parte mostra uma discussão detalhada sobre a experiência de consolidação da indústria bancária mexicana e discute os dados preliminares sobre a evolução do desempenho das instituições beneficiadas no novo cenário criado pela crise financeira de 1995.     

招投标方式政策性金融:运转条件、发展空间与相关框架探讨

以招投标方式探索政策性金融服务市场化运作的新型模式具有重要意义,但由于政策性融资需求的多样化,具有明显约束条件的招投标方式,在可以预见的将来,尚难在政策性金融业务领域包打天下。本文分析了招投标方式政策性金融的内涵与特点、延伸指向、动因和运转条件,以及适用领域和可预期的发展空间,建议在探索政策性融资规律、适当多元发展的思路上,将招投标方式纳入到我国政策性金融体系发展的通盘规划和整体框架中来考虑。     

跨国公司进入中国市场的产业组织分析--竞争与垄断的经济规模均衡

竞争和垄断与产业规模都存在正相关关系。因此,不考虑跨国公司进入条件下的产业组织政策,往往会出现在限制垄断的同时,也削弱竞争力的结果。因为跨国公司进入可能引起竞争与垄断的逆转,所以,提高传统的产业规模标准,慎重拆分现有规模较大的产业等,将是必要的产业政策。     

永不凋谢的女人花——影视广告中的女性与花意象

本文在大量调查统计的基础上,认为影视广告中体现了女性和花的紧密关联。从原型系联、艺术形式和审美效果等方面详细探讨了这两个广告元素的共同点以度其他蕴义．并就这种关联给广告带来的影响进行了思考。