Ethnic Migrants' Employment and Industry Distribution in the Cities of China

In recent years, urban researchers have differentiated the concept of ethnic niches into industrial and occupational niches. This research was done in four selected cities in four different areas of China: Shenzhen (South), Huhhot (North), Qingdao (East), and Kunming (West). An important aspect of understanding a multiethnic city is to explore the labor market performance of ethnic groups. This paper mainly covers the employment and industry distribution of ethnic migrants(Korean, Mongolian, Yi, Bai, Hui, and Dai) in cities of China.     

Where are the migrants from? Inter- vs. intra-provincial rural-urban migration in China

Using a representative sample of rural migrants in cities, this paper investigates where the migrants in urban China come from, paying close attention to intra-provincial vs. inter-provincial migrants, and examining the differences in their personal attributes. We find that migrants who have come from within the province differ significantly from those who have come from outside of the province. Using a nested logit model, we find that overall, higher wage differentials, larger population size, higher GDP per capita, and faster employment growth rate are the attributes of a city that attract rural-to-urban migrants. In addition, moving beyond one's home province has a strong deterrent effect on migration, analogous to the “border effect” identified in international migration studies. We also explore the role of culture, institutional barriers, and dialect in explaining such a pronounced “border effect”.     

农民工对政府政策的需求调查及政策建议——基于764份问卷调查表的分析

文章利用764份问卷调查袁的数据，具体分析了农村劳动力迁移者和未迁移者对政府政策的需求。结果显示，他们的最大期望，一方面是在城市中得到稳定的就业机会，另一方面希望农村土地的承包权得到保障。因此，进一步规划解决农村劳动力迁移问题的战略思路：其一，统筹城乡就业，加强劳动力市场制度建设；其二，保障农民工的土地承包权，减少农民进城务工就业的风险。     

Hiring migrants during the crisis (according to sociological surveys and focus groups)

This paper discusses the data of sociological surveys on the motives and sources of attracting migrants, their legalization and the quality of the labor force, employment conditions, and the registration of labor relations with the employer. The surveys were conducted in selected regions and industries employing migrants.     

Employment constraints and sub-optimality in Chinese enterprises

In China the employment of rural migrants is tightly controlledby government, with regard both to numbers and to jobs: urbanresidents receive preference and are protected against competitionfrom migrants. A survey of enterprises employing both urbanresidents and rural migrants in four cities is analysed, usingenterprise-level earnings comparisons, employment functionsand production functions. We find both 'job discrimination'and 'wage discrimination' against migrants. The two groups arehighly imperfect substitutes or, in a sense, complementary:migrants do the jobs that non-migrants will nor or cannot do.The marginal product of migrants exceeds their wage whereasthat of non-migrants is below their wage. Although many enterpriseshave surplus urban workers, they find it beneficial to hiremigrant workers as well and are constrained in their employmentof migrants.     

两类外来人口的劳动合同签订与社会保险获得差异

近期的城市外来人口社会保障缺失研究把持有非本地城市户口的外来市民纳入观察对象,城乡分割因素的解释范围缩小到外来市民与外来农民工这两类外来人口参与社会保险差异上来。为在这一方向上深化研究,本文首先考察城市劳动制度转型过程,揭示农民工的劳动合同制度缺位问题;在此基础上分析户籍身份、劳动合同订立与社会保险获取之间的关系,提出研究假设;选取抽样调查数据,做相应的实证分析;最后形成结论并提出政策启示。     

Return migration and Hukou registration constraints in Chinese cities

This paper documents the patterns of return migration and labor mobility constraints in China using two unique data: the 2017 China Household Finance Survey and a newly developed urban Hukou registration index. The size of return migrants is larger than that of migrants without local Hukou registration. Majority of return migrants move from more developed region back to their less developed home town where they have Hukou registration. Empirical results show that Hukou registration barrier, typically higher in more developed cities, leads to a higher probability of returning among low-skilled migrant workers, and such an effect only exits among migrants moving across provinces and migrants with rural Hukou.     

Assessing black progress: employment,occupation, earnings,income, poverty

Farley discusses changes in employment, occupation, earnings, income, and poverty among US blacks. Among black men, there has been a persistent rise in unemployment since 1960. By the early 1980s, 1 black man out of 8 had dropped out of the labor force, compared to 1 in 20 white men. Some contend that many black men lack the skills to be employed or have personal habits and criminal records which make them unacceptable to employers. Others believe that the expansion of federal welfare programs offers attractive alternatives to men who have limited earnings potential. Still others stress that blacks are concentrated within cities, while the growth of employment is occurring in suburbs. Among those blacks over age 54, labor force participation has declined because of improved Social Security benefits, better private pensions, and the greater availability of Supplemental Security Income. The employment of young blacks compared to whites has deteriorated since 1960. For both races, there has been a steady rise in the employment of women. The recent increases, however, have been great for whites. By the early 1980s, white women caught up with black women in terms of employment. Unlike the indicators of employment itself, there is unambiguous evidence that the occupational distribution of employed blacks has been upgraded and is gradually becoming similar to that of whites. Findings from many studies show that blacks once earned much less than similar whites, but this racial difference has declined among men and has nearly disappeared among women. The proportion of blacks impoverished fell sharply in the 1960s, reaching a minimum of 30% in the early 1970s. Since the early 1970s, blacks have made few gains. The proportion impoverished actually increased and the ratio of black-to-white family income declined. The fact that the earnings of black males are no longer rising faster than those of whites and that there is no longer a migration from southern farms to cities plays a role, but changes in family structure are also important. At all dates, poverty rates have been high and income levels low in families headed by women. In 1984, for example, 52% of the black families with a woman as head of household were below the poverty line, compared to 15% of the black married-couple families. While similar trends are occurring in white families, there has been a sharper increase in the proportion of blacks living in these female-maintained families which have high poverty rates.     

农民工劳动力供给行为异动与或然走向

从"民工潮"到"民工荒"再到新一轮的"民工荒",农民工劳动力供给行为呈现动态变化过程。劳动力转移和就业的不同时期,包括劳动力供给主体、劳动力供给的区域结构、劳动力供给的代际差异等诸多方面都呈现出不同的特征。农民工劳动力供给行为的动态变化有利于实现产业结构和就业结构的均衡配置;有利于进一步推动生产方式的变革;有利于加快产业转移和产业升级;有利于建立针对不同代农民工群体的回流和畅流机制,全面解决农民工就业问题,拓宽农民工的就业出路。     

China''s land arrangements and rural labor mobility

Chinese farm families under the Household Responsibility System have the land use-rights but not the rights of alienation. If permanently leaving agriculture, they have to return the land to local authorities and consequently give up a stream of future land earnings. This paper analyzes the deterrent effect of this land arrangement on labor mobility by constructing a household model which considers both part-time farming and permanent migration decisions. The implications of the model are consistent with the recent Chinese experience of rural floating population in cities and the rapid growth of rural nonagricultural employment.     

农业转移人口地域歧视的工资效应分析

基于广东省顺德区的调查数据,使用无条件分位数回归及分解方法,文章分析了外来与本地农业转移人口的工资效应。结果显示:外来与本地农业转移人口面临不同的工资决定机制;地域差异对工资的影响存在异质性,只有收入在88%分位点以上的外来农业转移人口才会受到地域歧视的影响,且随着收入分位点的上升,工资受地域的影响变大;地域因素与人力资本因素交织,通过婚姻、教育、工作岗位和经验等变量的作用产生影响;教育对于外来农业转移人口的工资具有增长效应,但无法完全消除地域歧视的影响。因此,除了提高外来农业转移人口的教育水平,还需改善外来农业转移人口融入城市的条件,促进外来农业转移人口家庭融入城市。     

Consumption Structure of Migrant Worker Families in China

This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families' urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families' consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families' consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.     

Solution to the Dilemma of the Migrant Labor Shortage and the Rural Labor Surplus in China

Since 2003, China＇s labor market has been facing two coexisting crises： a rural labor surplus and a severe shortage of migrant labor Using data from the 2000 China Health and Nutrition Survey questionnaire, which covers 288 villages in 36 counties, this paper attempts to find a solution to this dilemma. Specifically, a multinomial logit model, a Mincer- type model and a probit model are applied to examine the effect of educational level on the employment choices for rural laborers, and on the wages and the employment status of migrants. Based on the results of our analysis, we propose the implementation of policy aimed at increasing the educational level of rural dwellers, in conjunction with other policies to eliminate all artificial barriers, to facilitate the migration of rural laborers.     

公共政策与社会排斥问题研究——农村剩余劳动力转移过程中的社会排斥问题探析

由于二元劳动力市场的存在,农民工在城市劳动力市场上并没有取得平等的就业资格,他们仍然是社会排斥的对象.文章以社会排斥为中心概念,通过定性分析和研究发现,户籍制度、就业制度和社会保障体制等要素构成了独特复杂的社会排斥主体系统,共同作用于社会排斥客体即农村剩余劳动力.文章最后得出了解决好农村剩余劳动力转移问题的基础是法制与公共政策要先行的结论.     

新疆当前就业形势分析与对策

2010年张春贤书记提出当前要重点解决三类群体就业问题:一是零就业家庭就业;二是大学毕业生就业;三是农业富余劳动力转移就业。当前,新疆就业工作产生了新的亮点,但就业形势依然严峻。本文对当前新疆的就业形势进行了分析预测,并提出了一些对策建议。     

The impact of migration and remittances on labor supply in Tajikistan

Remittances from labor migrants abroad have become the largest component of financial flows to developing countries. While they are an important source of foreign currency for low-income countries, the impact of outmigration and remittances on the economic development of the sending country is ambiguous. To narrow this knowledge gap, this paper examines their impact on the domestic labor market, using the case of Tajikistan – a labor migrant contributor and remittance dependent country in Central Asia. Specifically, we estimate the impact of international migration and receipt of remittances on the labor supply decisions and employment of the family members left behind. To ensure rigorous inferences, we apply a control function approach using unique high-frequency household panel data. Our method enables us to correctly address the simultaneity of migration/remittance and labor supply decisions of the left-behind members. Our main estimates are that sending migrants reduces the labor supply of the left-behind members by 5.4 percentage points, and that receiving remittances reduces it by 10.2 percentage points, respectively. These findings suggest that the reservation wage effect of having a migrant member and receiving remittances is large and surpasses other positive effects they might have.     

从制度制约看农村剩余劳动力转移模式的变革

改革开放以来，农村大量剩余劳动力向城市转移。文章回顾劳动力转移的进程，分析户籍制度、土地制度、保障制度和就业制度对劳动力转移的制约，提出在制度制约和制度创新下，农村剩余劳动力转移的模式选择及其实现途径。     

Evaluating public sector sponsored training in East Germany

Support of training has been a very important instrument ofactive labor market policy in East Germany. This paper attemptsan evaluation of the employment and wage effects of trainingsupported by public income maintenance outside of a firm. Afterdescribing the labor market developments in East Germany, weillustrate the evaluation problem. Then, we estimate a simultaneousmodel for participation in training, employment, and wages.Taking account of selection effects before participation, ourfindings mostly suggest positive though only partially significantlong-run effects of training on employment or wages.     

新冠肺炎疫情冲击下农民工就业面临的主要问题及应对策略研究

新冠肺炎疫情对农民工产生较大负面影响,一季度农民工就业将面临巨大冲击,三类农民工就业需高度关注。部分农民工返城复工面临诸多现实困难,农业生产要素和农产品流动性显著降低,返乡务农者面临十分严峻的挑战。农民工全年整体收入减少将成为大概率事件,部分低收入农民工家庭可能陷入生存困境。相关对策建议:推动劳务输出和输入省份之间精准对接,帮助有条件的农民工实现安全、稳定就业。借鉴东西部对口帮扶就业扶贫办法,由专人负责组织农民工外出并送至就业地点。强化有条件地区对农民工就业吸纳。加大新型职业农民培育和支持力度,吸引培育一批新农民,多措并举支持返乡农民工渡过难关。将农民工全面纳入城市社会管理服务对象,重点关注农村“三留守”人员和困难家庭的生活问题。     

ON THE MOTHER AND CHILD LABOR NEXUS UNDER CREDIT CONSTRAINTS: FINDINGS FROM RURAL INDIA

There is an emerging consensus that lack of credit is a major cause of child labor and inequality in the intrahousehold distribution of resources. At the same time, patterns in how children spend their time appear to be strongly influenced by maternal employment decisions. This paper includes an assessment of the effect of credit constraints on maternal employment and that of maternal employment on the intrahousehold allocation of labor, a nexus which has been left unexplored by existing studies. Three findings emerge: (1) a mother is more likely to work outside when a household lacks resources, and her domestic labor can be easily replaced by other members, (2) credit market accessibility is one of the major determinants of maternal labor, and (3) elder daughters assume a large part of the burden of maternal employment by providing domestic labor. Under binding credit constraints, results of this study support the collective as opposed to the unitary model of households.