税收优惠政策与科技型中小企业风险投资发展研究

本文认为,减税政策对科技型中小企业风险投资发展有着直接的促进作用;我国现行科技税收优惠政策比较重视扶持科技型中小企业的发展,但没有把风险投资和科技型中小企业加以综合考虑,而且税收优惠政策大多具有临时性,没有形成全国范围内统一、完备、有针对性的减税体系,也不一定符合世贸组织的协议和原则。文章提出了实行风险投资发展和税收优惠政策的具体思路,即降低边际税率,完善激励机制,鼓励机构投资者进入风险资本市场,解决双重征税问题,降低风险投资企业和个人所得税,科学合理运用税收抵扣以及改变税收不公平问题等。     

促进贵州省创业风险投资发展的政策思考

完善的法律法规制度是创业风险投资业得以顺利、规范发展的基本保障。通过对国内促进创业风险投资发展的相关政策分析,建议要加快贵州省创业风险投资业发展,贵州省应尽快出台相关促进贵州创业风险投资发展的政策,并提出了政策的具体内容。     

我国风险投资存在的问题与对策研究

风险投资在我国还是一个新兴的产业。在我国风险投资的发展历程中,政府起了主要的推动作用。与发达国家相比,我国的风险投资业还处于刚起步的阶段。我国风险投资业的发展面临的最主要问题是缺少优秀的具有远见卓识的风险投资人才、风险投资公司自身的问题以及风险投资面对的市场环境问题。在探讨分析我国风险投资业的现状和问题的基础上,提出适合我国风险投资业发展的政策和建议,对我国风险投资业的健康发展具有极其重要的现实意义。     

黑龙江省风险投资政府支持存在问题及对策研究

现阶段,黑龙江省风险投资还是以政府直接投资为主。政府过度干预存在着资金来源单一、委托代理、效率低下等问题。黑龙江省在风险投资过程中,政府应找准定位,实现资金来源多元化,建立风险投资的综合评估筛选体制。同时,政府出台适合风险投资发展的政策及法规,营造良好的外部环境,促进黑龙江省风险投资的进一步发展。     

New venture strategy and profitability: A venture capitalist's assessment

This study uses theoretically justified criteria from the industrial organization (IO) strategy literature and applies it to a new domain, namely, venture capitalists' decision making. Specifically, the study investigates the types of information venture capitalists utilize when evaluating new ventures and how venture capitalists use this information to assess likely new venture profitability. In the interest of advancing our understanding of the decision making policies of venture capitalists, this study addresses many of the limitations of previous research.A review of IO research suggests important relationships between a number of strategy variables and new venture profitability. Some of the relationships proposed by IO strategy research are contingent in nature. The strategy variables and their relationships with profitability are investigated in the domain of venture capitalists' decision making. Individual and aggregate decision making analyses identified those strategy variables (criteria) venture capitalists utilize in assessing likely new venture profitability, namely, timing, key success factor stability, lead time, competitive rivalry, educational capability, industry-related competence, timing × key success factor stability interaction, timing × lead time interaction, and timing × educational capability interaction.On average, the most important criterion for venture capitalists in their assessment of profitability is industry-related competence. The second tier of importance is competitive rivalry, timing, and educational capability. The third tier of importance is lead time, key success factor stability, and timing × lead time interaction. Other interactions are less important. Therefore, while venture capitalists use contingent decision policies, main effects dominate. If venture capitalists use a reported 8 to 12 minutes on average to evaluate a business plan (Sandberg 1986), then this study's findings may help the inexperienced venture capitalist allocate time towards assessing those attributes of primary importance. Although more complex relationships exist between the attributes, the inexperienced venture capitalist can take comfort from this study's findings that main effects dominant amongst senior venture capitalists. Senior venture capitalists may take less comfort from their importance placed on main effects in light of research from IO, which suggests the importance of contingent relationships. The results may also have practical application towards training.How should venture capital firms train their new employees? Should venture capital firms rely solely on experienced venture capitalists lecturing the inexperienced on the criteria they use in assessing a new venture proposal? Like most decision makers, venture capitalists have limited insight into their assessments and venture capital firms need to be aware of the gap between “espoused” policies and policies “in use.” The information being taught needs to be supplemented with venture capitalists' decision-making research that investigates decision policies “in use”, such as this study. Venture capitalist training could also involve experiential learning, in conjunction with cognitive feedback about the decision policies used, to accelerate the learning process. Experiential learning using cognitive feedback maximizes industry related learning while minimizing the cost of inexperienced decisions. For the entrepreneur seeking capital, this increased understanding of venture capitalists' decision making may help them better target their business plans and presentations at those criteria venture capitalists' find most critical to the profitability of a new venture.     

风险投资选项过程及企业家应对措施

本文在介绍风险投资的基本概念和作用的基础上,指出风险投资的选项过程,及在选项过程中所采用的投资政策和选项标准,然后据此得出期望获取风险投资的企业家应采取的措施。     

国有中小企业引进风险投资初探

风险投资在为企业发展和开发新技术提供资金方面有重要的作用。国有中小企业引进风险投资,可以为企业提供所需资金,使企业得到发展。国有中小企业应利用风险投资促进企业发展和技术创新。国有中小企业引进风险投资还存在着一些问题,国有中小企业引进风险投资较少。     

实物期权及其在风险投资中的应用

从广义的期权定义中引出实物期权的概念,对金融期权和实物期权进行比较分析;并借鉴金融期权的定价方法,得出实物期权的定价公式。通过计算风险投资项目中实物期权的价值,比较含有实物期权的风险投资项目与一般投资项目的价值,可以看出在风险投资中引入实物期权的思想,对风险投资家做出正确的投资决策,以及对风险资本的保值增值有重大的指导意义。     

Venture Capital in Spain by Stage of Development

This paper examines the investment decisions of 51 Spanish venture capital firms by stage of development. The results showed that venture capitalists ranked evaluation criteria related to the characteristics of the entrepreneurs, manager background, and management team experience as more important than market and product characteristics. Factors affecting the required rate of return were more important for the early-stage firms than for late-stage firms. Discounted cash flow analysis is the most frequently used valuation method. Private venture capital firms invest more during late development stages, while public venture capital firms invest more during the early stages. The results can be used by firms seeking venture capital, venture capital firms, consultants, and support agencies that provide capital-acquisition assistance. By gaining insight into decision criteria and processes, firms can develop better and more targeted materials to attract capital. Venture capital firms can use the information from this study to better understand their decision processes, individually and relative to competitors. Consultants and support agencies can use the information to provide better advice to both firms and venture capital firms. Information is this study could easily be built into training programs for both new and existing businesses. Finally, the results can also be incorporated directly into university courses that include material related to venture capital.     

Venture capital or private equity? The Asian experience

Venture capital in Asia has exhibited remarkable growth over the last two decades. Researchers and practitioners have, however, expressed doubts as to whether what is being reported as venture capital in Asia can really be classified as such. Authors of scholarly studies often avoid this debate and, consequently, fail to caution readers about the applicability of their research findings. Through an exploration of the history, development, and composition of venture capital in Asia, this article not only confirms significant differences between Asian and traditional venture capital, but also finds that venture capital in Asia differs little from what is commonly called private equity. As such, a need exists within the venture capital literature to recognize this peculiarity of the Asian venture capital market. Moreover, venture capitalists considering expansion into Asia must comprehend the nature of the Asian market in order to avoid disillusionment and frustrations which may result from inadequate understanding.     

Concentrating Too Hard? Foreign and Corporate Venture Capital Involvement in Syndicates

We investigate the relationship between investment of corporate venture capital (CVC) and foreign venture capital (FVC), and the concentration of investors involved in a financing round. As forms of venture capital distinct from independent venture capital, CVC and FVC can offer different value to new ventures. However, having FVC or CVC investors in the syndicate can also pose additional risks to other investors. We find that a corporate venture capital or a foreign venture capital affiliation is related to lower concentration of investors. Our results suggest that the investors evaluate not only the venture but also their syndicate partners in determining their relative share of round investment.     

风险投资对创业企业作用的实证研究

文章从风险投资对创业企业作用的机理分析出发,实证研究风险投资对创业企业创生和企业成长的作用。对企业创生作用的研究表明风险投资活动的发展和增长有助于地区新企业的创生,一方面风险投资为那些无法从传统渠道融资的创业企业提供资金支持,另一方面也刺激地区创新,促使新经济部门、新技术、新产品的出现,为创业者创业活动提供更多机遇。有关风险投资对创业企业成长作用的研究采用倾向得分匹配法,该方法有效剔除了风险投资家“选择作用”对研究结果造成的偏差。研究结果表明风险投资不但有助于企业规模的不断扩大,同时也有助于企业研发创新等各项成长能力的提升,有效促进了企业竞争优势,帮助企业做大做强。     

风险投资的资本来源影响企业技术创新的机理分析和实证研究——基于非资本增值视角

文章基于非资本增值的视角,研究了风险投资的资本来源对企业技术创新的影响。通过机理分析,认为风险投资提供的非资本增值服务可能对企业的技术创新资源的获取、技术创新成果的取得以及提高技术创新效益等方面产生影响;基于实证分析,文章发现政府背景风险投资会促进企业技术创新资源的增加,但并没有促进风险企业技术创新成果和技术创新效益的显著增加;而民营风险投资由于具有技术优势、管理优势、研发优势,因此对风险企业创新资源的扩大、创新成果的增加以及创新效益的提升都有着正向显著影响。文章认为基于非资本增值的视角,风险投资的资本来源会影响企业的技术创新。     

美、日风险投资运作机制及其借鉴

美、日风险投资运作机制不同,导致两国风险投资发展效果迥异。美国风险投资公司以有限合伙制为其主流组织形式,有发达的私人权宜资本市场和二板市场作为风险资本进入和退出的渠道,并且也形成了适宜于风险投资发展的人才和文化环境。而日本风险投资公司的组织形式、二板市场状况和文化环境等条件都难与风险投资发展的内在要求相适应。我国目前风险投资发展中存在许多问题,对美、日风险投资运作机制的分析能为我国发展风险投资提供重要的借鉴作用。     

风险投资对企业并购决策的影响及作用机制

近年来,伴随着并购市场的快速发展及股权投资退出渠道的多元化,风险投资参与的并购决策事件大幅增多。本文以我国创业板上市企业完成的并购事件为研究样本,系统研究风险投资对企业并购频次、并购支付方式及多元化并购行为等方面的影响及其作用机制。结果发现,风险投资能够通过抑制管理层过度自信进而降低并购方的频繁并购行为;得益于风险投资对并购中信息不对称的缓解,目标方接受有风险投资背景的企业以非现金方式作为并购支付对价的概率更高;此外,风险投资通过提升企业内部控制有效性,使得有风险投资背景的企业更偏好于进行同行业并购,以优化企业并购目标选择及实现企业规模效应。     

The role of domestic and cross-border venture capital investors in the growth of portfolio companies

This paper studies how the presence of cross-border as opposed to domestic venture capital investors is associated with the growth of portfolio companies. For this purpose, we use a longitudinal research design and track sales, total assets and payroll expenses in 761 European technology companies from the year of initial venture capital investment up to seven years thereafter. Findings demonstrate how companies initially backed by domestic venture capital investors exhibit higher growth in the short term compared to companies backed by cross-border investors. In the medium term, companies initially backed by cross-border venture capital investors exhibit higher growth compared to companies backed by domestic investors. Finally, companies that are initially funded by a syndicate comprising both domestic and cross-border venture capital investors exhibit the highest growth. Overall, this study provides a more fine-grained understanding of the role that domestic and cross-border venture capital investors can play as their portfolio companies grow and thereby require different resources or capabilities over time.     

创业资本的制度缺陷分析

20世纪 90年代发展得欣欣向荣的创业资本遭遇重挫 ,进入了发展的持续低迷期。学术界在肯定创业资本顺应经济发展潮流、解决创业企业融资需求和管理需求、化解和规避创业企业风险的同时 ,对创业资本这一制度商品本身不断凸显的缺陷也展开了多方面综合大量文献的分析 ,以引起人们的重视     

Growth patterns of the European venture capital industry

Although the European venture capital industry has become nearly as important as its American counterpart, little research has been done to describe its nature and importance. This study gives in the first place an overview of the importance of the venture capital industry in the major European countries. Thereafter, we look for funding and investment patterns in the different European countries. We hypothesize that there is a difference between countries in which the venture capital industry is just emerging, and those where the venture capital industry is since long established.The data are mainly, but not solely, taken from the yearly statistics of the European Venture Capital Association (EVCA) and cover the period 1984–1989. The characteristics we look at are: (1) the sources of the funds flowing into the industry, broken down with respect to investor type and geographical location of the investor; and (2) the investments, broken down with respect to investment stage (using the EVCA definitions of the different stages), geographical location, degree of syndication, and industrial sector of the investee companies. In Europe as a whole, the most important group of investors are the banks (28%), the pension funds (17%), and the insurance companies (12%). Banks dominate the Swiss industry (48%); corporate investors dominate the German, Swedish, and Portuguese industries, whereas these are nearly completely absent in Denmark (2%), Ireland (4%), and the United Kingdom (5%). Eighty percent of all venture capital funds are raised domestically, 7% in another European country, and the remaining 13% in a non-European country.Almost half of the European investments (44%) are made in the expansion stage; management buy-outs (MBOs) account for another 36%. Only 14% is invested in seed or start-up companies, much less than the 30% in the U.S. Half of the venture capital investments in the United Kingdom are buy-outs. The highest start-up investment activity takes place in Austria and Spain. On average, more than half (54%) of the invested amount in Europe is syndicated, but only 6% internationally, while 10% is invested internationally.We also search for similarities and dissimilarities in the characteristics of the sources of funds and of the investments. The hypothesis is that a growth pattern can be distinguished, determining the maturity of the venture capital industry in a particular country. The characteristics that we think would discriminate most among the different industry stages are the importance of government agencies, pension funds, and insurance companies (sources of funds); of start-up, later stages, or MBO investments; and the percentage of international and syndicated investments. Cluster analyses show that there is a growth pattern, but it is less clear than expected. Characteristics of mature industries are a bigger size, relative to the gross national product of the country, the presence of pension funds and insurance companies as investors in the industry, the syndication of the deals, and the absence of the government as an investor, in the 1980s, investments in management buy-outs are mainly done by the mature industries. No pattern can be distinguished for the investments in early or later stages.The major implication from this study is the fact that the European venture capital industry cannot be approached as a single, undifferentiated industry. Each country has its own structures, institutions, and policies, which make the venture capital industries in the different countries have unique characteristics. Moreover, the European venture capital industry has different characteristics than the American industry; this has to be taken into account when comparing both industries.     

Venture capital investing for corporate development objectives

There is a significant new player emerging in the venture capital world whose participation is changing the way that the venture business is done. Domestic and foreign corporations have discovered that investing in venture capital adds a new dimension to their corporate development strategies and can also make an outstanding return on investment.Armed with serious amounts of cash, aware of the value of an association with their name and frequently possessing marketing power that a small company covets, corporations are competing with venture capitalists for the best deals. Obtaining a “corporate partner” is now an accepted part of a small company's financing strategy.For the corporate development executive, this activity provides a useful tool to widen the spectrum of participation in new technologies while retaining the entrepreneurial drive and reducing the cost and exposure of new ventures. However, it is not a panacea for growth and caution should be exercised to avoid creating unrealistic expectations.Both entrepreneurs and venture capitalists welcome this source of later-stage capital, providing it minimizes equity dilution and assists in product development, marketing and liquidity for their investment. However, it is a competitor for the venture capitalists in sourcing deals and a potential adversary for the entrepreneur when objectives clash. Additionally, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists often are suspicious of the corporation in the small company's boardroom.The objective of most corporations is the strategic benefits that can result from venture capital investing, such as acquisitions, technology licenses, product marketing rights, international opportunities and a window on technology. However, this objective is frequently mixed with a financial return objective and can lead to a confused strategy.Participation by corporations can take many different forms but usually begins with investments in several venture capital funds as a limited partner and evolves into direct investments in venture companies. Formation of a venture development subsidiary by the corporation is a demonstrated way to maximize the strategic rewards. If financial return is the only objective, then a stand-alone venture fund is the best vehicle.The most important factors for the strategic success of a corporate program are the creation of a high-quality deal stream and the use of outstanding people to interface between the corporation and the venture capital world. In addition, there has to be a long-term commitment, active involvement and a carefully devised internal communications strategy to promote and protect the program.Creation of a formal venture development subsidiary is probably the best way to maximize the strategic objectives. Lubrizol Enterprises operates as such a subsidiary of The Lubrizol Corporation and utilizes venture capital investing, acquisitions, partnerships, and contract research to develop strategic business units based on leading-edge technologies.     

风险投资是新三板市场"积极的投资者"吗

定向增发在新三板创业企业的股权融资中发挥着中坚作用,而风险投资正是其中重要的参与者.本文选择2013 —2016年新三板企业定向增发为研究样本,实证检验了风险投资介入的动因及经济后果.研究发现,整体而言,风险投资参与新三板定向增发会选择财务绩效较好、创新能力较强的企业介入,结论支持了风险投资的事前筛选职能.大股东参与定向增发在一定程度上会减弱风险投资介入与企业财务绩效和创新能力之间的敏感性.当面对优质企业标的时,风险投资将选择联合投资的方式"抱团"进入,体现了其在新三板市场更为谨慎的投资风格.但风险投资进入所投企业后,受制于本身能力和投资意愿,并未显著提升被投企业财务绩效和创新能力,没有发挥事后监督职能.考虑新三板独特的做市商制度和分层制度,本文再次验证了风险投资事前筛选职能的履行和事后监督职能的缺失.本文不仅揭示了风险投资参与新三板企业定向增发的动因及经济后果,同时也为国家利用新三板市场推进创新战略、构建和完善多层次资本市场提供了经验证据.