两类公允价值变动对高管薪酬的差异影响研究——基于我国A股上市公司2007-2008数据检验

本文以A股上市公司2007-2008年数据检验两类公允价值变动对高管薪酬的差异影响。研究发现:(1)计入利润表的公允价值变动利得(损失)与高管薪酬变动显著正相关(不相关),存在"重奖轻罚"现象;(2)直接计入资本公积的公允价值变动也对高管薪酬的变动产生影响,同样存在"重奖轻罚";(3)计入利润表的公允价值变动对高管薪酬变动的影响显著大于计入资本公积的公允价值变动。研究结果表明:高管薪酬契约未能恰当利用公允价值变动信息,均源于金融资产但列报不同的两类公允价值,对高管薪酬具有差异影响。该结论支持了高管可能基于薪酬原因操纵金融资产分类的观点,并为我国2009年利润表朝向综合收益的改革提供了一些经验支持。     

公允价值变动损益与高管薪酬相关性实证研究——基于中小板上市公司面板数据

我国新企业会计准则中公允价值的引入使财务报表结构发生了变化,公允价值变动损益被纳入了利润表。在现行公司治理中,公司业绩普遍被用来作为管理层努力程度和管理能力的代理变量,公允价值引入后成为了企业业绩的一个重要组成部分,其划分标准和交易时机的选择与管理层的努力程度息息相关,这为作为会计政策选择主体的管理人员进行利润操纵从而提高自身薪酬提供了可乘之机。本文以我国2010年~2012年持有公允价值变动的中小板上市公司为研究样本,考察公价值计量对高管薪酬的影响。     

公允价值变动对上市公司盈余管理影响的描述性统计分——基于A股经验数据

2006新的准则将公允价值这一计量属性引入,此计量属性是影响公司盈余水平的一个非常重要的因素,本文选取CSMAR2010年129家上市公司的财务数据,运用描述性统计分析研究的方法研究公允价值变动损益对盈余管理的影响。通过研究发现,公允价值变动损益对上市公司盈余管理存在影响,其中占利润总额比例从-121.45%—74.76%不等,其中归属于普通股股东每股收益所占比率从-8.601%—50.886%,从单个看上市公司受公允价值变动的影响较大,并且上市公司在对公允价值变动损益进行盈余管理时存在可操纵性,基于这些问题提出提高上市公司盈余管理的对策。     

公允价值计量对债务契约有用性的影响研究

公允价值计量模式的采用本质上为了确保债务契约的公平公正,但在实际运用过程中,管理层对公允价值相关会计政策选择的操控性,以及公允价值"持有收益"的未实现性和暂时性,往往会使契约相关利益者做出不理性的决策。本文通过机理分析和实证检验探究公允价值计量对债务契约有用性的影响,得出结论:企业总体债务规模与经常性损益的相关性高于公允价值变动损益,短期债务规模与公允价值变动损益正相关,长期债务规模与公允价值变动损益负相关,这些现实状况都证实了债务契约的有用性;但在短期和长期债务契约的回归分析中,债务规模与经常性损益类收益不存在显著相关关系的结果有悖常理,揭示了债务契约决策中的不理性。     

公允价值变动对中国上市公司影响的实证分析——从盈利和股价波动的视角进行

本文以中国2007～2009年资本市场的大起大落为研究背景,以存在公允价值变动的A股上市公司为研究对象,通过统计和面板数据分析公允价值变动损益对上市公司盈利波动以及股票价格的影响,试图对公允价值计量方法是否在金融危机中扮演了助涨助跌的角色给出一个经验性证据。研究发现,公允价值变动损益对上市公司盈利波动的确具有显著影响,并且投资者会对公允价值变动损益带来的公司盈利额外波动要求风险溢价。在上市公司交叉持股的情况下,这种盈利波动和股价变化具有助涨助跌的作用,会加速金融危机的传染。     

信用风险对公司财务报表金融负债公允价值变动损益列报的影响

公司主体信用风险发生变动时,采用公允价值计量的负债的公允价值变动损益会带来"反直觉"的效应,容易造成财务报表信息使用者误解。本文在梳理国内外信用风险对金融负债公允价值变动损益影响的实证和实验研究的基础上,列示汇总了金融负债公允价值变动损益列报形式的变革及其争议,发现在现阶段金融负债公允价值变动损益列入"其他综合收益"科目较优。     

信用风险对公司财务报表金融负债公允价值变动损益列报的影响

公司主体信用风险发生变动时,采用公允价值计量的负债的公允价值变动损益会带来"反直觉"的效应,容易造成财务报表信息使用者误解。本文在梳理国内外信用风险对金融负债公允价值变动损益影响的实证和实验研究的基础上,列示汇总了金融负债公允价值变动损益列报形式的变革及其争议,发现在现阶段金融负债公允价值变动损益列入"其他综合收益"科目较优。     

公允价值计量对上市公司股利分配的影响分析

公允价值变动损益是公允价值计量中十分重要的一环。新会计准则设置了"公允价值变动损益"账户来核算采用公允价值变化给当期会计报告带来的损益,公允价值变动损益对上市公司股利政策有着相关的影响。通过分析两者关系,对上市公司股利分配政策提出相应的建议。     

公允价值变动损益的性质及其后果——来自股票报酬和高管薪酬视角的重新发现

基于财务会计数据生成逻辑,本文首先讨论了利润表"公允价值变动损益"项目的确认及其"转回"特征,并以此为基础构造变量,重新检验了"交易性金融资产、交易性金融负债及公允价值变动直接计入当期损益的其他金融资产或金融负债"产生的损益信息对股票报酬和高管薪酬契约的影响,避免了直接利用利润表的"公允价值变动损益"信息检验造成的错误解释公允价值涨跌信息价值的后果。我们提供的证据并不支持以前的研究发现。总体上,这类项目的公允价值信息对股票年度报酬及高管薪酬总额都没有显著影响。这一新的发现与公允价值会计的实施对我国非金融行业上市公司财务报表影响较小的事实一致。该研究重申了会计信息生成过程对设计研究变量的重要性。     

公允价值会计对股利分配政策的影响研究北大核心

基于理性股利理论,公允价值"持有收益"因其未实现性、不可持续性、不伴随现金流的特征,不应作为股利分配考虑的依据。但是,管理者和投资者的有限理性,以及转型时期的特殊性等因素影响了公允价值会计对股利分配的作用。本文通过机理分析和实证检验得出结论:公允价值变动损益与企业现金股利的支付水平显著正相关,且反应系数同经常性损益与现金股利的反应系数几乎一样;国有控股企业的公允价值变动损益与企业现金股利的支付水平不相关,非国有控股企业中两者显著正相关;股权集中度低的企业公允价值变动损益与企业现金股利的支付水平不相关,股权集中度高的企业两者显著正相关。     

Are CEOs compensated for value destroying growth in earnings?

Prior research shows that firms generating earnings growth by improving profitability create shareholder value, while firms generating earnings growth through investment destroy value. This paper examines whether compensation committees consider this while determining CEO compensation. We first confirm prior results that growth from increased profitability is perceived by markets to add value while growth from investment does not. While growth from increased profitability is positively associated with compensation, so is growth from investment. The presence of institutional ownership increases the weight on growth from increased profitability, but does not reduce the weight on growth from investment. Further, value-oriented institutional ownership increases the sensitivity of compensation growth to growth from increased profitability and reduces the sensitivity to growth from investment. Contrarily, growth-oriented institutional ownership increases the sensitivity of compensation growth to growth from investment. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the nature of earnings growth in determining executive compensation.     

Is cross-listing a panacea for improving earnings quality? The case of H- and B-share firms in China

This study examines whether cross-listed Chinese H- and B-share firms exhibit higher earnings quality relative to non-cross-listed A-share firms based on seven accounting- and market-based earnings quality attributes, including accrual quality, persistence, predictability, smoothness, conservatism, timeliness and value relevance. We find that earnings quality does not differ between cross-listed and non-cross listed firms in terms of accrual quality, timeliness and value relevance, and that H- and B-share firms report earnings with lower quality in terms of persistence and predictability. We also find that the B-firms report smoother earnings, while the H-firms report more conservative earnings. The results of a battery of cross-sectional, endogeneity and sensitivity analyses either confirm our primary findings of no earnings quality difference or reveal lower earnings quality for cross-listed firms than for non-cross-listed firms. Considering that cross-listing in China is primarily driven by government decisions, our findings suggest that, without proper incentives, cross-listing is not likely to be a panacea for higher quality financial reporting.     

Incentive Contracting and Value Relevance of Earnings and Cash Flows

Accounting performance measures such as earnings and cash flows are useful for both valuation and performance evaluation purposes. However, little evidence exists on whether there is any association between these two roles. In this study, we provide large sample empirical evidence that the value relevance of earnings explains a significant amount of the cross‐sectional variation in the pay‐sensitivity of earnings and the incremental value relevance of cash flows explains variation in the marginal pay‐sensitivity of cash flows. We document that while both value relevance and compensation weight on earnings decline from the subperiod of 1993 to 1997 to the subperiod of 1998 to 2003, both value relevance and compensation weight on cash flows increase from the earlier subperiod to the later subperiod. Overall, our results provide additional evidence that value relevance of a performance measure plays a significant role in its use for performance evaluation.     

Disappearing investment-cash flow sensitivities: Earnings have not become a worse proxy for cash flow

According to a recent conjecture in the literature, earnings have become a poorer proxy for cash flow from operations over time. We find that since 1988, when cash flow statements started to be consistently reported in Compustat, the cash effectiveness of earnings has actually increased for a large sample of US manufacturing firms. This occurs despite the introduction of fair value accounting and increasing accounting accruals during the last three decades. Also contrary to the conjecture, using more comprehensive measures of cash flow does not restore the investment-cash flow sensitivity, which continues to be around 0.05 in more recent periods.     

Cashflow risk,systematic earnings revisions,and the cross-section of stock returns

The returns of stocks are partially driven by changes in their expected cashflow. Using revisions in analyst earnings forecasts, we construct an analyst earnings beta that measures the covariance between the cashflow innovations of an asset and those of the market. A higher analyst earnings beta implies greater sensitivity to marketwide revisions in expected cashflow, and therefore higher systematic risk. Our analyst earnings beta captures exposure to macroeconomic fluctuations and has a positive risk premium that provides a partial explanation for the value premium, size premium, and long-term return reversals. From 1984 to 2005, 55.1% of the return variation across book-to-market, size, and long-term return reversal portfolios is captured by their analyst earnings betas.     

The Value Relevance of Mandatory Non‐GAAP Earnings

This paper examines the value relevance of earnings components where there is a mandatory requirement to report generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) earnings and non‐GAAP earnings, and where the items to be eliminated from GAAP earnings are defined in detail. The setting is different from non‐GAAP earnings disclosures presented in the United States and elsewhere, where managers have discretion over whether to report a non‐GAAP earnings number, and what to exclude from GAAP earnings. Our mandatory setting enables us to report value relevance results that are not confounded by managers' discretionary choices regarding non‐GAAP earnings exclusions. We use price‐level regressions, based on the Ohlson (1995) model, to test for incremental and relative value relevance. The results show that non‐GAAP earnings reported under a mandatory regime have higher value relevance than GAAP earnings. The disaggregation of these items is useful to investors in a setting where managerial motivations are minimized.     

The effect of earnings quality and country-level institutions on the value relevance of earnings

This study investigates the relationship between the value relevance of earnings and earnings quality across countries. We find that there is a stronger relationship between earnings quality and the value relevance of earnings in countries with high investor protection than in countries with weak investor protection. We also find that the association between the value relevance of earnings and earnings quality is higher when a country’s information environment is less opaque. Overall, our study documents evidence on international differences in the ability of stock prices to capture useful accounting information, consistent with the notion that the returns-earnings association reflects not only the quality of accounting earnings but also the informativeness of stock prices.     

Usefulness of Value Added and Abnormal Economic Economic Earnings: An Empirical Examination

This paper investigates the usefulness of two alternative measures of performance: value added and abnormal economic earnings. Using earnings as the benchmark, firm value analysis, levels analysis, and changes analysis were performed to evaluate their explanatory power. Results show that value added is a statistically significant variable; its explanatory power is higher than that of earnings. Abnormal economic earnings, however, are not a significant variable.     

Analysts' Incentives and Street Earnings

We examine whether analysts' incentives are associated with street earnings. Because prior research argues that analysts' incentives to promote stocks increase in the extent to which the stock exhibits glamour characteristics, we predict that analysts are more likely to make income-increasing adjustments in determining street earnings for glamour stocks than for value stocks. We find that analysts are more likely to exclude expense items from street earnings for glamour stocks than for value stocks and that excluded expense items help predict future earnings for glamour stocks but not for value stocks. Overall, our results suggest that analysts' self-interest influences street earnings and this self-interest leads to street earnings that are less useful in predicting future earnings for glamour stocks.     

Information interpretation or information discovery: which role of analysts do investors value more?

This study provides evidence that a significant percentage of analyst forecast revisions are issued promptly after a broad set of corporate public disclosures and that investors perceive these prompt revisions as more valuable than nonprompt revisions. These results hold for all revisions, revisions outside of the earnings announcement window, or revisions in weeks preceding the earnings announcements and are also robust to various sensitivity tests. Investors particularly value analysts?? prompt interpretation of earnings announcements, Form 8-K filings, or certain qualitative news. To the extent that prompt revisions are more likely to reflect analysts?? information interpretation role, our results suggest that investors value more highly analysts?? ability to interpret public disclosures, especially less structured or non-financial disclosures, than their ability for information discovery.