财政政策的供给效应与经济发展

本文分析了发展中国家公共投资对私人资本积累的动态响应。针对公共资本的拥挤性特征 ,同时考虑财政投资可能引起的风险。在不考虑公共投资风险的分权经济中 ,由于公共资本和私人资本都处于短缺状态 ,企业争夺拥挤性公共资本而扩张私人资本的投资行为虽然使经济超常增长 ,但是存在过度投资和过度拥挤。在集中优化模型中 ,如果考虑到公共投资的风险 ,政府通过税收方式弥补公共投资风险 ,同时将企业投资产生的拥挤效应内部化 ,就能消除企业的过度投资和过度拥挤现象 ,使经济保持合理持续的增长。对中国这样的发展中国家 ,需要重视财政的供给效应 ,在经济起飞初期保证一定数量的政府资本性支出是必要的 ,但随着经济的不断发展和政府资本性支出累积的风险增加 ,财政转型十分必要。     

财政支出与广义货币关系的协整分析及其政策含义

文章利用协整分析讨论了财政支出与广义货币的相互关系,发现在1978～2002年间,中国的财政支出和广义货币具有二阶差分平稳的特征,二者之间存在显著的协整关系.财政支出的变动速度是广义货币变动速度的Granger因,但不能说广义货币变动速度是财政支出变动速度的Granger因.财政支出的短期变化对广义货币的短期变化影响较大,并且是同方向的.广义货币供给的增长速度具有一定惯性,且具有向长期值的自我恢复功能.财政支出的增长速度并不具有自我恢复功能,这意味着政府应对财政支出施加一定约束,以避免财政支出在经济过热或不景气时发生过度扩张或紧缩.     

Government Policy in a Stochastic Growth Model with Elastic Labor Supply

Endogenous labor supply is introduced into a stochastic growth model. Money is superneutral, and the real part of the equilibrium can be characterized by two nonlinear trade-off loci between the time devoted to leisure and the mean growth rate that ensure the following: (i) equality among the risk-adjusted rates of return and (ii) equilibrium in the output market. The balanced growth equilibrium is characterized analytically and policy implications derived. Extensive numerical simulations are also conducted. These assess the effects of risk on growth and the impact of fiscal policy on both the mean growth rate and its volatility. Implications for optimal monetary policy are also addressed.     

精准脱贫中财政政策的有效供给研究

随着我国进入"精准扶贫"的攻坚阶段,扶贫思路与方法不断创新与改进,有效的财政政策供给成为目前多维贫困视角下精准扶贫的重要保障。但这一过程仍面临一些困境,例如财政扶贫政策难以精准识别贫困户,财政扶贫项目与贫困户需求脱钩,财政扶贫资金使用不规范降低了减贫效应,财政扶贫资金绩效考核过于重视政绩。从有效财政政策供给视角看,应通过完善财政扶贫制度、调整财政扶贫项目、规范财政扶贫资金使用及构建科学的绩效考核体系等途径实现精准脱贫。     

积极财政政策与财政风险问题分析

1998年以来,为了应对通货紧缩的经济形势,政府实施积极财政政策,运用财政反周期调节,刺激国内需求,拉动经济回升.但是,积极财政政策是一把双刃剑,既可以发挥治理通货紧缩的积极作用,同时也会带来负面影响,如果运用不好,将会产生很大的财政风险.为了确保国家财政安全与稳健运行,有必要对积极财政政策可能产生的风险进行分析和把握,并积极采取措施加以防范和化解,避免潜在的财政风险转化为财政危机.     

Fiscal Policy with Heterogeneous Agents and Incomplete Markets

I undertake a quantitative investigation into the short run effects of changes in the timing of proportional income taxes for model economies in which heterogeneous households face a borrowing constraint. Temporary tax changes are found to have large real effects. In the benchmark model, a temporary tax cut increases aggregate consumption on impact by around 29 cents for every dollar of tax revenue lost. Comparing the benchmark incomplete-markets model to a complete-markets economy, income tax cuts provide a larger boost to consumption and a smaller investment stimulus when asset markets are incomplete.     

Fiscal Policy and Exchange Rates

This paper examines the dynamics of the nominal exchange rate and fiscal deficits in a continuous time optimizing general equilibrium model with OLG. It is shown that alternative financing modes of budget deficits imply different patterns of adjustment along the transitional path towards the steady-state equilibrium. In particular, the respect of public solvency without money financing is not sufficient to avoid the depreciation of the exchange rate in the long-run after a fiscal expansion. In addition, money and tax financing generate opposite intergenerational reallocation of wealth.     

Optimal Fiscal Policy with Endogenous Time Preference

This paper studies the role of Ramsey taxation under the assumption that the individual rate of time preference is determined by the publicly provided social level of education. We show how intertemporal complementarities of aggregate human capital can generate multiple equilibria and we examine the role of endogenous fiscal policies in equilibrium selection. Our analysis implies a lower optimal government size due to the effect of human capital on time preference.     

财政政策与价格水平的决定

价格水平是如何决定的呢 ?是否正如弗里德曼曾经说过的“通货膨胀总是 ,而且永远是一个货币现象”一样 ,通货膨胀仅仅是一个货币现象呢 ?从 2 0世纪 90年代开始 ,人们纷纷给出了不同的看法。本文通过两个模型给出了价格水平决定的财政理论 ,指出价格水平由政府债券的实际值与政府财政剩余相等来决定     

Intergenerational Redistribution and Fiscal Policy

This article argues that although the intergenerational stance of fiscal policy is hard to measure accurately, a goal of approximate generational balance is reasonable.     

货币政策与财政政策的“新共识”

20世纪90年代以来,宏观经济政策领域出现了一种"新共识",近年来得到进一步发展。在"新共识"宏观经济模型中,货币存量不起作用,但货币政策被赋予非常重要的作用,货币政策可以决定通货膨胀;货币政策采用盯住通货膨胀的方式,通过调节利率将通货膨胀控制在一个较低的水平。财政政策在管理总需求水平方面仍然是一个强有力的工具,"新共识"宏观经济学体现了"货币主义与财政主义的综合"。     

我国稳健财政政策中的赤字问题

稳健财政政策中的财政赤字问题存在较多争议,本文从理论上分析了稳健财政政策并不排斥财政赤字,并对我国1998年以来财政政策的方向进行了定量测算,提出我国稳健财政政策的关键是将财政收入、财政支出增长速度控制在经济潜在增长速度。     

The Public Accounts and Fiscal Policy

This article discusses the economy–wide effects of fiscal policy and major features of public outlays, receipts and debt trends in Australia.     

我国财政改革和政策实践研究

本文回顾了我国财政改革、财政政策演进历程,揭示了财政政策演进规律,探讨了财政政策宏观调控实践经验。研究发现:首先,与一般市场经济国家不同,我国财政政策从概念认识、实践启动、到运用技术日臻成熟,走出了一条缓解经济危机实现经济稳定、调节经济结构转变经济增长方式、化解民生难题促进社会和谐的独特之路。在这一过程中,财政政策更加注重供给管理。其次,在当前体制转轨背景下,我国财政政策突显出公共性和体制转型双重特征。最后,面对未来,我们需要在财政政策如何更好遵循市场经济规律;财政政策目标如何更聚焦于未来发展战略,如何推进财政改革以确保财政政策调控更具效力等方面总结更多的经验。     

Market Structure and Fiscal Policy Effectiveness

In a monopolistic competition macromodel with endogenous market structure, the fiscal multiplier is shown to consist of two components. The first depicts the response of output to a fiscal expansion through the conventional channels that disregard the role of market imperfections. The second component captures the effects of firms' market power as well as the policy-induced change in market structure. The latter effect—which has not been taken into account in existing studies—is shown to be quite significant in raising the fiscal multiplier (even above unity) and in improving consumers' welfare when the labour market is competitive.     

Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy and the Exchange Rate

Domestic fiscal and monetary policy settings can influence the strength of the Australia dollar in a number of different ways.     

信息能力与我国财政执法

财政分权体制下,中央对地方政府财政政策执行与绩效等信息的掌握是实现地方"为增长而激励"的前提。"警察巡逻式"和"火险警报式"作为代理人行动与绩效信息获取的两种基本模式,在适用条件和制度效率等方面存在很大不同。中央政府需要依据不同的制度环境综合运用两种模式,以实现地方政府信息获取模式的最优解。     

Interactions between Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rules

The Fiscal Stability Pact for EMU implies that constraints on fiscal policy facilitate inflation control. In this paper we identify two stable policy regimes. When monetary policy seeks to raise real interest rates in response to excess inflation, a self-stabilising fiscal policy is required to ensure model stability. A fiscal policy which does not, by itself, ensure fiscal solvency constrains monetary policy to be relatively 'passive'. However, in simulations we conclude that the central bank does not need to seek, on this account, the degree of debt stabilisation that appears to be implied by the fiscal stability pact.     

结构性财政调控与新常态下财政工具选择

本文综合考虑李嘉图和非李嘉图两类居民个体行为,构建新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型,形成了一个较为系统的结构性财政工具经济效应研究框架。研究发现,不同财政工具的宏观经济效应存在显著差异,政府在进行财政宏观调控时应区别对待、审慎选取。模拟冲击结果表明减税效应相对优于支出扩张效应。在当前经济增速放缓、财政支出为主的刺激政策渐显乏力之际,政府应转变以往财政政策调控思路,逐步由大规模政府支出刺激政策向结构性减税政策调整。本文认为,应深入推行政府和社会资本合作(PPP)模式,支出重点向社保、医疗、养老及公共服务倾斜,促进政府逐步向服务型政府过渡;税收政策应主要以对消费结构性减税为主,以有效促进需求结构向消费驱动转型。