美国社区银行发展历史对我国中小银行的启示

美国社区银行凭借基于“软”信息的关系贷款技术向中小企业提供融资,形成了专门的小银行优势.上个世纪80年代以来,关系贷款重要性下降,社区银行发展面临挑战.但是近来研究发现,社区银行依然活跃在美国中小企业信贷市场,维持其在关系贷款方面的优势.美国社区银行的发展历史对国内中小银行的发展提供了有意的经验借鉴,包括:明确市场定位;提供全面的金融服务；综合利用多种信贷技术；充分发挥关系的价值,等等.     

基于宏观经济走向的中小银行与中小企业融资问题的研究

中小企业是宏观经济发展的巨大推动力,但由于自身规模小、寿命短、资信度低等原因,几乎无法在资本市场上进行直接融资。近年来,各大型银行虽逐步扩大中小企业贷款比例,却仍难以缓解大部分中小企业的融资问题,而中小银行贷款在解决中小企业融资问题的重要作用则日益凸显。本文阐释了中小银行在解决中小企业融资难问题上的特殊优势,并通过实证分析证明了中小银行贷款对中小企业发展的意义。相信随着中小银行的发展,中小企业融资问题将会进一步解决,中国宏观经济也将更平稳地增长。     

中小企业融资与关系型贷款

解决中小企业融资具有极为重要的意义,中小企业融资难的根本原因,在于银行与中小企业间信息严重不对称。这里,信息主要包括两类,数码式的信息和意会信息。关系型贷款能够较好的解决这种信息不对称。关系型贷款与银行的组织结构有着密切的关系。民营中小银行在关系贷款上极为有利。因此,发展民营中小银行,成为解决我国民营中小企业融资难的基本途径。     

我国商业银行跨区域发展的经济效应研究

本文采用面板数据对我国5家大银行和9家股份制银行1997—2008年间跨区域发展的经济效应进行了实证和比较分析,发现跨区域发展有助于大银行提高效率和降低风险,但不利于中小银行效率提高和风险降低。因此,大银行适度跨区域发展可获得理论上所谓的规模经济、范围经济、风险分散化等好处;中小银行却不宜盲目跨区域扩张,应把一定区域内从事关系型银行业务作为长期经营战略。     

银行业市场结构、融资依赖与中国制造业企业进入——最优金融结构理论视角下的经验分析

本文以最优金融结构理论为视角,构建理论和实证模型探讨银行业市场结构与企业进入之间的内在联系.首先,本文建立理论模型着重研究银行业市场结构影响企业进入的微观机制,得出假说:中小银行市场份额的提升可以有效地缓解中小企业进入市场面临的融资约束,有利于中小企业进入市场.然后,本文利用2005-2009年中国工业企业数据库整理出我国30个地区24个行业的大中小规模企业进入数据,运用双向固定效应模型对其进行实证检验.结果表明中小银行的发展有利于中小企业进入市场,对大规模企业进入无显著影响;而在银行业结构不变的情况下,银行业规模扩大对大规模企业进入具有明显的促进作用,对中小企业进入并无显著影响.本文的政策含义是,提高中小银行市场份额、推动国有银行业务体系改革应是促进中小企业进入市场的重要政策内容.     

关系型贷款和小银行优势论述评

关系型贷款理论和小银行优势论主要是针对中小企业融资问题而言的，本文通过对关系型贷款理论和小银行优势论的系统分析，解读了关系型贷款为何能降低银行向中小企业贷款过程中的交易费用，理清了中小银行优势论的理论内涵，希望能为我国缓解较为严重的中小企业贷款难问题提供理论上和政策上的启发。     

不完全信息下的信贷结构失衡问题

商业银行是我国经济的重要组成部分,商业银行信贷有力地支持了我国经济的增长。但是不完全信息制约了银行向中小企业贷款,而大多数中小企业正处于成长期,急需银行信贷资金的扶持,因此导致银行信贷结构与经济结构明显不对称。应该采取措施解决信息不对称导致的中小企业贷款难问题,提高银行信贷资金配置的效率,主要措施有设立中小银行、发展资本市场等。     

产业集群形成的新型银企关系及对发展中小金融机构的思考

中小企业贷款难与银行放贷难系银企之间缺乏有效的沟通与协调所致。中小企业信用水平偏低使银行普遍存在“惜贷”行为。信息不对称使银行和中小企业关系疏远。产业集群可克服信息的非对称,形成银企新型关系。应大力发展以中小银行为代表的中小金融机构,有效地推动银企关系的良性发展,实现金融机构与中小企业的“长期互动”。     

产业集群形成的新型银企关系及发展中小金融机构的思考

中小企业贷款难与银行放贷难系银企之间缺乏有效的沟通与协调所致.中小企业信用水平偏低使银行普遍存在"惜贷"行为.信息不对称使银行和中小企业关系疏远.产业集群可克服信息的非对称,形成银企新型关系.应大力发展以中小银行为代表的中小金融机构,有效地推动银企关系的良性发展,实现金融机构与中小企业的"长期互动".     

中小银行发展中存在的问题及对策分析

随着资本市场的发展,银行体系的健全,中小银行在我国资本市场中的地位不断提升,所占份额不断加大,因此其发展状况应受到重视。目前,中小银行在发展中存在诸多问题,遇到许多困难与挑战:最重要的首先是中小银行受大银行的压迫;其次是中小银行在不良资产处理方面缺乏足够的政策支持;另外是放贷过程中受到资本规模的约束。为了促进我国中小银行的快速健康发展,首先,中小银行应准确定位,以满足区域经济、中小企业、农户和社区居民的金融服务需求为重点;其次,努力开拓新的市场需求,走差异化、特色化的发展道路。     

同业业务发展、货币政策传导与银行风险承担

商业银行同业业务逐渐从传统信用拆借演变为类信贷业务,一些银行通过同业业务实施监管套利、风险资产出表,同业业务的快速发展对原有货币政策传导体系形成干扰,甚至改变了商业银行的风险承担渠道。使用25家A股上市银行2008-2018年数据,在理论和实证两个方面分析了同业业务发展对银行风险承担的影响。理论上,同业业务能够提高银行风险承担水平和强化货币政策风险承担渠道,上述影响并同时对于不同银行伴有异质性。实证结论验证了理论推演的假设:同业业务发展与银行风险承担水平正相关,并对货币政策银行风险承担渠道具有强化作用;同业业务对大型银行的风险承担水平影响有限,但对股份制银行和中小银行的风险承担水平表现了较强的正相关性。分析货币政策风险承担渠道,中小银行对货币宽松与否更为敏感,其同业业务发展程度与货币宽松情况表现出较强的相关性。根据上述研究结论,监管政策应当更加关注银行体系分层结构下的同业业务发展引导,尤其是对于股份制银行和中小银行,应当逐步引导同业业务占比较高银行压缩同业资产,鼓励商业银行业务回归本源,支持实体经济发展。     

Bank branching deregulation and the credit risk of the regional banking sector: Evidence from city commercial banks in China

From 2006 to 2011, with the change in regulatory policies, most regions of China relaxed restrictions on the intercity branching of city commercial banks, which led to a significant increase in the number of nonlocal branches of city commercial banks. We assess the impact of this bank branching deregulation on the credit risk of the regional banking sector across 286 prefecture-level cities in China. We find that deregulation has increased the credit risk of the regional banking sector in host cities by intensifying competition and encouraging risk-taking behaviors such as “lowering lending criteria” and “attracting deposits with higher interest”. Moreover, this effect becomes more pronounced in regions with a higher initial level of the loan-to-deposit ratio and regions with a higher initial level of competition in the banking sector.     

Policy and practice in the Netherlands

Abstract: As in many other areas of public policy in the Netherlands, development of consumer protection in banking and financial services has been characterized by a consensual approach. Consumer organizations have been involved along with representative business bodies in building self-regulatory systems within a statutory framework, especially in relation to issues related to overindebtedness. This approach has characterized dispute settlement procedures as well as a code of conduct on good lending practice and a national credit registration system. The Consumer Credit Act provides a system of maximum interest rates for different kinds of credit, which may be varied according to market conditions. The needs of consumers at the lower end of the credit market are specifically catered for by a network of municipal credit banks, which also provide debt settlement services.     

Financial integration,specialization, and systemic risk

This paper studies the implications of cross-border financial integration for financial stability when banks' loan portfolios adjust endogenously. Banks can be subject to sectoral and aggregate domestic shocks. After integration they can share these risks in a complete interbank market. When banks have a comparative advantage in providing credit to certain industries, financial integration may induce banks to specialize in lending. An enhanced concentration in lending does not necessarily increase risk, because a well-functioning interbank market allows to achieve the necessary diversification. This greater need for risk sharing, though, increases the risk of cross-border contagion and the likelihood of widespread banking crises. However, even though integration increases the risk of contagion it improves welfare if it permits banks to realize specialization benefits.     

Changes in the banking system and small business lending

Since small businesses typically rely on small banks as their primary source of financing, there are concerns that the wave of bank consolidation of the 1990s may have reduced the availability of loans to small businesses in the US. Using a panel of state-level banking information over 1993–2002, this paper shows that the Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 reduced the number of small banks, but not the amount of small business lending. We also show that small banks are participating less in small business lending. These results imply that the bank-lending channel of the monetary transmission mechanism became less important in the US in the late 1990s as a result of more firms borrowing from large banks that are less sensitive to monetary shocks.     

Small Business Credit Scoring and Credit Availability*

U.S. commercial banks are increasingly using small business credit‐scoring models to underwrite small business credits. The paper discusses this lending technology, evaluates the research findings on the effects of this technology on small business credit availability, and links these findings to a number of research and policy issues.     

Interstate banking,bank consolidation,and bank lending to small business

Proponents and critics of interstate banking argue over the implications of nationwide banking for bank lending to small business. This study explores the patterns of (1) bank consolidation at the national level and (2) the share of domestic-bank commercial lending extended to small firms, specifically, small manufacturing firms, over the period 1976–90. The evidence indicates that despite the trend toward fewer banking organizations and increased aggregate bank concentration due largely to cross-state expansion by superregional banking organizations, no significant downtrend is observed in the share of domestic-bank credit extended to small manufacturing firms. Nor is there any discernible downtrend in banks' share of borrowing by small manufacturing firms. These results are consistent with the thesis that banking industry consolidation hasnot led to a reduction in the supply of bank credit to small firms, at least within the manufacturing sector.     

The impact of mergers in banking : Evidence from a nationwide sample of federally chartered banks

Spurred by deregulation, cost, and risk factors, commercial bank mergers have accelerated sharply in recent years. Many banks appear to be positioning themselves for the advent of interstate banking through holding company or reciprocal branching arrangements. Yet, the performance effects of mergers among operating U.S. banks (as opposed to holding company acquisitions) have been examined both infrequently and inconclusively. This study focuses upon the characteristics and performance effects of national bank mergers occurring during the 1970–1980 period. Acquiring national banks were found to have lower operating efficiency and productivity than nonmerging banks and their profitability did not increase following the mergers, but credit availability, productivity, loan losses, deposit service charges, and interest-rate risk did rise. Frequency of merger activity did not significantly influence bank profitability or growth, but did augment stockholder risks and increase business and real-estate credit. In the aggregate, national bank mergers appeared to result neither in significant service benefits nor in significant service costs to the public.Spurred by deregulation of the industry, rising cost pressures, and increased operating risk, merger transactions among U.S. banks have soared in recent years. During the 1982–1986 period, for example, banking led all other industries in the number of consummated mergers and consistently was among the ten leading U.S. industries in the estimated market value of merger agreements. Moreover, the recent upsurge in reciprocal interstate banking agreements and proposals for fully legalized interstate banking hold out the prospect for a further acceleration in bank merger transactions in the years ahead. In view of the fact that legislation in more than 30 states now permits some form of interstate banking by merger or de novo entry and a June 1985 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court has legitimized regional banking compacts, the public and private impact of bank mergers becomes of much greater importance as a research focus.Despite the magnitude of recent bank merger transactions and their implications for the public, the research literature in this area is surprisingly meager and often contradictory. This article is an attempt to focus more sharply on recent research findings, provide additional evidence concerning the effects of mergers on the financial performance of banks, and assess their impact on the public's interest in an adequate supply of financial services.     

Financial sector development and access to finance. Does size say it all?

This paper analyzes what features of financial systems can strengthen the linkages between banks and economic development. We investigate whether a set of banking and capital market characteristics can improve the ability of banks to provide increased credit flows to the private sector, while simultaneously improving financial inclusion for the poor. We analyze the determinants of both macro-level lending conditions and micro-level access to finance using a set of Panel Vector Error Correction Models and GMM estimations in a panel of 138 countries for the 2002–2009 time periods. Results converge to suggest that rather than focusing solely on banking sector size, financial policy should seek to foster inter banks competition, develop appropriate macro-prudential safeguards, promote capital market development. In addition, improved access to finance requires adequate civil rights and support to entrepreneurship.     

Challenging Confucius: Western banks in the Chinese credit card market

China has commanded a great deal of interest from virtually all U.S. business sectors. The Chinese credit card market is now particularly intriguing for Western banks. This article examines the strategic minefield that Western banks must navigate as they attempt to compete in the Chinese credit card industry. As an example, Bank of America (BOA)—fresh from purchasing a 9% interest in China Construction Bank (CCB) a few years ago—is now contemplating a joint venture with CCB. The new company will be tasked with leading the Chinese credit card market. Specifically, two questions are addressed: (1) whether the Chinese banking market is a sound option at this time; and (2) whether China affords an optimal environment for credit. The analysis yields several strategic lessons, and encourages caution on the part of Western bank executives as they enter the Chinese market. In particular, BOA officials must appreciate the timing of their joint venture's evolution. Additionally, BOA officials should strongly consider financial ventures other than credit, as Chinese culture should prove particularly resistant to serving as a profitable customer base in the short- and middle-timeframes.