会计信息产权与会计管制

本文运用产权经济学理论，分析了会计信息产权无法实现由最初的管理层私有控制权转化为公共产权这一矛盾问题，揭示了会计管制产生的内在逻辑，提出了会计信息市场自身无法解决这一问题，需要适当的会计管制。最后点明会计管制也只是解决会计信息产权矛盾问题的手段之一，完善其他相应的非政府行为机制也同样重要。     

会计信息产权的逻辑及其博弈

本文注意到会计信息“面纱”后面蕴涵的利益关系 ,提出会计信息产权的命题 ,并着力揭示会计信息产权命题的基本逻辑。会计信息产权的界定是一个持续性的博弈过程 ,企业所有权分享与会计信息产权界定密切相关 ,剩余索取权为利益相关者参与会计信息产权界定提供动力 ,并决定会计信息产权界定的动向。会计信息管制的内因在于矫正企业所有权分享下会计信息产权界定的无效性。     

现代企业制度的建立与会计监督

随着时代的不断发展,现代企业所有权与经营权逐渐分离,会计信息不对称的问题越来越突出,这种情况下,构建完善的会计监督体系,对于现代企业制度的建立至关重要.随着市场经济体制的不断完善,我国越来越多的企业已经建立了产权明晰、权责分明、管理科学的现代企业制度,但是与此相适应的会计监督体系迟迟没有得到建立.这种情况下,具体现代企业制度的企业生产经营都受到了一系列的负面影响,如何与时俱进的进行会计监督体系的完善,从而为给现代企业制度提供了良好的支撑,成为了企业管理领域的一个重要课题.     

上海自贸区提高会计自由度之探索

我国会计管制以《会计法》为主体、财政部门为主导,行政管制较强,管制面宽泛,存在管制过度、成本过大现象。文章建议自贸区以产权保护为基础,在暂停执行统一会计年度、允许选用境外准则、简化中小微型企业会计披露、强化企业对投资者会计信息责任、暂停或简化会计从业资格制度和代理记账许可制度、调整会计管制部门分工等六个方面探索管制改革。     

企业会计政策选择的经济学分析——必然性·影响因素·立场

本文认为企业拥有会计政策选择权有其必然性和合理性 :1 .平衡治理结构中各利益相关方利益的需要 ;2 .会计准则的不完全性 ;3 .会计信息市场的不完全竞争。企业在进行会计政策选择时 ,常常是基于与各利益相关方合约的考虑 ,特别是与股东、债权人及政府的合约的考虑。企业会计政策选择的立场应是企业管理当局立场。最后 ,笔者认为 ,为提高会计信息质量 ,应 :1 .完善有关法规 ;2 .完善企业治理结构 ;3 .进一步完善会计准则 ,缩小会计政策选择的空间范围 ;4 .明晰产权 ,发挥产权制度对会计信息生成过程的规范和界定功能。     

浅谈会计委派制内涵的延伸

随着会计委派试点工作的实施和推广,会计委派制在实践中取得了显著成效。它推进了国有企业改革,增强了企业领导和会计人员的法制观念,提高了会计人员的地位,强化了财政收支管理,较好地解决了会计信息失真的问题。但是,这种会计人员管理体制也存在着一定的缺陷,为了充分发挥会计的职能作用,进一步提高会计信息质量,维护社会经济秩序,我们必须在实践中不断调整、充实和完善会计委派制度及其配套措施。一、会计委派制的概念会计委派制是政府部门或企业产权所有者以所有者的身份,委派会计人员代表政府或企业产权所有者监督国有单位资产经营和     

浅谈现代企业制度下的会计监督

一、会计监督的必要性 1．会计监督是建立现代企业制度的基本要求现代企业制度是以产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学为特征的。在现代企业制度下，由于企业所有权与经营权的分离使得与企业经营活动及其结果息息相关的企业所有者、债权人、管理者以及政府等方面的利益存在一定矛盾与冲突。为了使经济活动能够正常、有序地进行，这些不同的利益集团只能依靠法律、法规和制度约束下的会计信息来协调关系，依靠规范的会计基础工作来表述经济活动，根据会计提供的财务状况和经营成果来评价企业的经营管理。这样，会计监督便成为建立现代企业制度的基本要求。     

对制定责任会计具体准则的思考

现代企业改革的方向是建立现代企业制度，而现代企业制度的基本特征之一是管理科学．管理科学中的一项重要内容是科学的会计管理。科学的会计管理必须要有一套能满足企业微观管理所需的真实可靠的会计信息，会计信息中有一部分是由责任会计核算来提供的。本义就制定我国责任会计具体准则提出一些初步设想。一、建立现代企业制度迫切需要制定责任会计具体准则现代企业制度的基本要求是产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开和管理科学四个方面。其中产权清晰、政企分开是现代企业的外部条件；权责明确包括企业与债权人、债务人、投资者以及各级行政管…     

关于会计信息质量保证的探索

引起会计信息失真的原因主要有:会计理论体系本身对会计信息质量的影响;企业产权制度不明晰;企业内部控制机制不健全;财会人员综合素质不高,监督力度不够.因此,我们应从提高准则制定的完善性及改善外部会计环境着手,提高会计信息质量和可信度.     

人力资源会计研究与应用之再思考

人力资源会计自从诞生以来,就一直存在着适用性不强的先天不足。若究其根本原因,则在于过多地陷入了对“人力资源的价值计量应该是多少”和对“人力资源的利益分配应该得多少”的纠缠中,而缺乏对其所赖以存在的制度约束机制的深入地分析。为此,本文以所有权界定为基础,对包括产权结构、权能交易、权益构成在内的人力资源产权运作过程进行了总括的制度安排,使对它的会计处理在制度设计上从初始产权、动态权能、到最终权益有了系统的量化标准,为人力资源会计的研究与应用提出了另类思考方向。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.