渤海跨海通道与山东半岛城市群空间结构

制约山东半岛城市群成为国家级城市群的重要原因之一是城市群内城市之间及其与外部的经济联系相对较弱,而沿海综合交通走廊发育得不完善是制约其发展的关键,渤海海峡跨海通道的建设是解决这一关键问题之所在。基于对该工程的简要分析,结合山东半岛城市群的空间结构现状,从点、线、面三个方面深入分析了渤海海峡跨海通道对山东半岛城市群空间结构产生的影响;指出了跨海通道将完善城市群的城市等级体系和综合交通走廊,从而形成以"三五三"为主体的空间结构网络体系,以此来促进山东半岛城市群空间结构优化和区域协同发展。     

长江经济带城市体系空间结构——基于夜间灯光数据的研究

基于1996~2010年城市夜间灯光数据,运用城市位序规模法则、空间自相关分析和加权标准差椭圆等分析方法,对长江经济带城市体系空间结构及其变动特征进行系统分析。研究结果表明:长江经济带城市体系总体呈现东部相对密集、中西部相对稀疏的条形核心—边缘结构,1996~2010年间,城市体系集中度始终较高且经历了由"数量增长"向"规模扩张"转变的演化过程;城市体系空间增长表现为明显的先扩张后收缩、先向西南方向移动再向东北方向移动、沿海、沿江、沿沪昆线及南北交通通道轴线的动态演进特征;受地理条件、空间距离和发展阶段等因素的影响,长江经济带城市空间分布呈现明显的非连续性和片段化特征,区域内各城市群空间演化特征差异化显著,江浙沪地区已进入都市连绵化阶段,形成较为成熟的跨区域城市群,而长江经济带广大内陆城市群则基本处于以都市郊区化和多中心化为主导的发展阶段,尚不具备形成跨区域城市群的条件,各城市群边界和空间结构也存在诸多不确定性。     

城市群聚的空间经济分析

作为20世纪80年代以来发达国家城市化重要趋势之一的城市群聚现象,引起了我国城市化理论界和地方行政官员的极大关注。许多地区提出以当地中心城市为首位城市的城市群的空间概念。本文站在空间经济学的角度,阐述城市群的概念及概念界定、历史演进、空间结构及其分工,并结合核心竞争力的内涵,提出城市群是区域核心竞争力优势的表现,是空间经济发展的高级形态。     

国外城市群发展及其对中国城市群的启示

在全球化背景下,国家或城市不再是世界范围内区域竞争单元的主体,替代它们的是以城市集合体形式出现的城市群。通过回顾国内外城市群的相关理论以及国际知名城市群发展的实践和成功经验,概括了西方城市群的不同发展模式。包括美国的市场主导模式,欧盟的政府主导模式,和日本"广域行政"为特征的模式。而这些模式的共同特征则是市民和民间团体的参与和合作。基于理论和实践经验的回顾,对我国城市群的发展提出了建议。建议赋予城市群自主权,强化其经济社会主导地位,加强其核心功能;在城市群内部,促进城市间建立城市增长联盟以及跨部门的专业协调组织;自下而上层面则注重发挥民间团队的作用;除了重视城市群核心城市的发展,还要兼顾周边地区的经济社会发展,以缩小城市群内部区域差异,提升城市群的整体实力。     

中国快速城市化进程中的城市水问题及应对战略探讨

中国快速推进的城市化进程带来许多挑战,特别是城市水问题不断加剧,"三水"危机越演越烈。城市是水问题最集中,水治理最复杂的区域。城市化不同阶段面临不同的水问题,需要不同的水战略和水政策。改革开放以来,我国水战略和水政策基本上每10年有一次较大调整和提升。中国快速迈入城市社会的今天,城市水问题呈现出高度综合性特征,需要制定符合时代特征和现实需要的综合性城市水战略,从2000年提出的"节水优先、治污为本、多渠道开源"城市水战略,向"节水优先、治污为本、科学开源、综合治涝"转型,与此同时,城市水问题治理也要实现转型:向系统性治理、城乡一体化治理转型,并通过引入高技术和体制政策创新促进转型。     

快速城市化背景下乡村聚落空间结构变迁研究评述

从农村工业化、劳动力转移、建设用地扩张三方面梳理了快速城市化背景下乡村聚落空间结构变迁的相关研究。研究发现,快速城市化背景下,农村剩余劳动力转移,乡村地区工业化发展以及建设用地扩张使我国城乡生产要素的配置更为复杂,城乡空间相互作用已超越传统城乡关系理论能解释的范围。另外,受全球化及信息化的影响,我国乡村社会经济联系方向更为广阔和多元,生产要素在乡村地区不断发生重组,乡村聚落空间结构向复杂、分化多元的方向变迁。同时,各地城市化发展模式和水平差异也使得乡村聚落空间结构的变迁具有区域差异。因此,基于中国城市化发展经验探索乡村聚落空间结构变迁规律,提炼不同城市化水平及模式地区的乡村聚落空间结构区域差异,以及对大都市区乡村聚落空间结构进行跟踪研究,对于拓展人们对乡村聚落空间结构的认识具有重要意义。     

基于网络化空间模型的京津冀城市群空间布局优化研究

城市群发展模式已经成为城市发展的新模式,而城市群空间布局在一定程度上对城市群的发展起到非常重要的作用,因此,实现城市群的有序发展需要从优化城市群空间布局着手。本文以京津冀城市群为研究对象,从城市群空间集聚状态、城市群经济集聚状态、城市群城市关联程度等角度构建网络化空间模型,从而探析京津冀城市空间布局结构及特点,并以此为依据,依托"一核、双城、三轴、四区、多节点"的空间结构,提出空间布局优化方案,以期为京津冀城市群发展助力。     

中国三大城市群空间结构集合能效测度与比较

城市群作为一个复杂系统,其整体功能最终表现为"1+1>2"的系统效益,其中隐含着一个重要的区域发展命题:多区位资源配置的系统效益评价。本文以此为切入点,首次提出集合能效的创新概念,将中心地结构作为判据和数据包络分析作为模型构建分析框架,继而以长三角、京津冀与珠三角三大城市群为实证案例,借助DEAP2.0软件,对6个年份城市群空间结构集合能效进行双维测度,研究发现:(1)珠三角城市群结构能效为(中高,中高)型、长三角城市群结构能效为(中,中高)型、京津冀城市群结构能效为(中低,低)型,三种类型反映出三大城市群在核心城市作用、外围城市群体发展态势及两者联动作用下所产生的综合效益的客观状态;(2)城市群发展规划,可根据特定阶段发展的外部环境与自身需求,通过调控核心城市、外围地域的资源配置模式与联系组织的多样性及创新来优化城市群整体效益;(3)城市群空间结构集合能效与整个区域的中心性效应具有密切关联:一是区域核心城市的空间位置与所产生的空间关联正效应;二是区域虚拟的群体重心的空间位置与其所反映的区域发展均衡格局。     

改革开放以来四川区域发展战略的回顾与思考

改革开放以来,四川立足省情,在不同时期提出了不同的区域发展战略,具体内容是:(1)重点发展成都、重庆的"两点式"发展战略;(2)"一线、两翼"战略;(3)"依托两市,发展两线,开发两翼,带动全省"发展战略;(4)"一点、一圈、两片、三区"发展战略;(5)规划五大经济区,培育四大经济群。存在的主要问题是:区域发展重点不够突出,重点区域范围过于宽泛;对交通轴线的等级质量以及点与线的关系认识不深;忽视了城市在区域发展中的增长潜能和核心作用;忽视了城市的群聚效应和自组织能力。而通过不断地反思和总结,四川未来区域发展战略的总体思路是:以工业化、城市化为导向,实施空间集中化发展战略。集中发展"三群、一带",即集中发展成都平原城市群、川南城市群、川东北城市群以及攀西资源开发产业带。     

我国资源型城市发展研究进展综述

我国资源型城市的研究经历了生产力布局研究、工矿城市研究、资源型城市转型研究三个阶段.目前已形成了以"转型"研究为主、多学科、多角度的资源型城市研究.本文从资源型城市问题的成因及其机理、城市转型、经济转型、资源型区域的城市化与城市空间发展、社会发展以及对国外资源型城市的研究几个方面总结了我国资源型城市目前的主要研究观点.     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.