人民币行为均衡汇率模型研究

在McDonald提出的BEER模型的基础上,本文建立了一个人民币行为均衡汇率模型。实证研究对模型提供了强有力的支持,人民币实际有效汇率与贸易条件、开放度、政府支出、国外净资产之间存在协整关系。通过建立误差修正模型研究发现:人民币汇率错位修正机制存在,自我修正功能较弱,且有下降趋势;财政与货币政策变动对人民币实际有效汇率的短期影响显著,且有下降趋势;人民币名义有效汇率变动对人民币实际有效汇率的短期影响显著,且有提高趋势;而人民币兑美元名义汇率变动对人民币实际有效汇率的短期影响不显著。用均衡汇率模型对人民币汇率错位的测算表明,2001年人民币高估6%,2002年高估2.2%,2003年低估5.8%。研究结论的政策含义是人民币升值缺乏依据。     

基于S-BEER模型的中国实际均衡汇率

文章在局部均衡的均衡汇率理论框架下,从利率平价、行为均衡汇率的角度,在行为汇率均衡模型(BEER模型)基础上新加入直接投资和境外所得流回的影响因素,构建了修正的行为汇率均衡模型(SBEER模型)。运用S-BEER模型和协整的单一方法对中国实际均衡问题进行实证研究,研究结论表明目前人民币依然呈现高估的状态。     

人民币汇率变动对我国吸引外资类型的影响研究

本文分析了人民币实际有效汇率水平与汇率波动对FDI总量、成本导向型与市场导向型的外资规模的影响,构建了简洁的理论模型进行研究,提出了人民币升值抑制成本导向型的外资流入但促进市场导向型的外资流入、人民币汇率波动对两种类型的外资都具有抑制作用的假说.采用协整分析与误差修正模型,结合人民币汇率改革至今的月度数据进行经验分析,结果表明,人民币汇率水平对总体外资规模无显著影响;人民币升值抑制成本导向型外资流入但促进市场导向型外资流入符合理论预期,且对我国外资行业结构的改善具有积极作用;人民币实际有效汇率的波动对FDI的影响很小.     

竞争力平价与人民币均衡汇率研究

传统的汇率决定理论认为，一国货币汇率的衡水平是由购买力平价、利率平价和货币相对供求等决定的。大多数实证研究表明，这些均衡汇率理论只是强调单一因素，同现实相距甚远。本文构建了多因素国际竞争力平价模型，认为均衡实际汇率随着国际竞争力的相对变化而变化，国际竞争力相对提高，该国货币升值，反之则反之。本文利用主成分分析法，从影响人民币汇率的多因素中构造国际竞争力这个指标，实证研究表明人民币实际有效汇率与国际竞争力之间存在协整关系，然后再基于这个协整关系式计算人民币的均衡实际有效汇率，并据以判断人民币汇率偏离均衡水平的程度。     

中国实际利率与实际汇率相互影响的实证分析

本文拟研究汇改前后人民币实际汇率波动对中国实际利率的不同影响.本节利用协整检验和误差修正模型,研究人民币汇率制度改革前后,人民币实际汇率和中国实际利率、美国实际利率之间是否存在长期均衡关系?人民币实际汇率、美国实际利率对中国实际利率的短期和长期动态影响如何? 利用方差分解,研究人民币实际汇率、美国实际利率对中国实际利率贡献度的大小.本文的研究对我国逐步完善人民币汇率形成机制以及如何维持利率政策独立性,避免利率政策对汇率波动带来的影响做出过度反应具有一定的借鉴意义.     

人民币汇率变动与上海市FDI利用关系的实证研究

本文利用协整分析和误差修正模型,从长期和短期分析了人民币名义汇率和实际汇率与上海市外商直接投资之间的均衡关系。结果发现,从长期来看,人民币实际汇率的波动对外商直接投资的影响远大于名义汇率波动所带来的影响,而短期内则刚好相反。名义汇率和实际汇率的波动均是外商直接投资变化的原因,人民币汇率无论是名义贬值还是实际贬值都能够促进外商直接投资的流入。     

用均衡汇率模型估计人民币均衡汇率的研究

本文结合中国的实际情况对原Edwards均衡汇率决定模型进行了适当的修正，并在此修正模型基础上，实证测算出了自1980年代以来人民币实际均衡汇率值，并以此为理论依据分析了近20年来人民币实际有效汇率的失调情况及其主要原因。     

汇率制度改革对人民币均衡汇率调整速度的影响

本文首先运用行为均衡汇率模型(BEER)和协整理论,分别测算1994年~2006年和1994年~2005年第2季度的人民币均衡汇率水平,得到相关变量的协整关系式和误差修正模型。笔者通过比较发现:2005年7月21日起,我国实行的新汇率制度可以显著加快汇率回到均衡水平的速度,调整速度从过去每季度调整0.21增加到现在的每季度调整0.35,这说明我国这次汇率制度改革是十分成功的,可以显著加快人民币汇率回到均衡水平的步伐。     

新汇改后人民币实际有效汇率对出口的影响:2005Q3—2013Q3

出口对于我国经济发展有着重要影响。2005年7月人民币新汇改后,人民币汇率持续升值,灵活性进一步提高。本文采用前沿的ARDL边限检验法和误差修正模型,实证研究汇改后人民币实际有效汇率(REER)水平及波动对我国出口的长短期影响机制。实证结果表明:2005年3季度至2013年3季度期间,出口与人民币REER水平、国外总收入、国内总收入之间存在协整关系;REER水平显著地负向影响出口,而REER波动并不显著影响出口。论文提出若干有针对性的启示和政策建议。     

人民币汇率与股价动态相关性的研究——基于次贷危机前后的比较分析

本文基于2005年8月至2010年6月的月度数据,利用协整检验和向量误差修正模型研究了次贷危机发生前后人民币名义有效汇率与股票价格之间的联动关系。实证结果表明,次贷危机发生前中国股市与汇率之间存在正向的长期均衡关系,且两者之间在长期互为因果关系;在次贷危机发生后两者之间则是反向的长期均衡关系,股价波动在长期内是人民币名义有效汇率变动的单向Granger原因。最后本文基于人民币名义有效汇率的计算方法及其影响因素,利用资产组合平衡模型、国际贸易等相关理论对实证结果进行了分析。     

Out of Equilibrium

This review article takes the volume by Mario Amendola and Jean-Luc Gaffard Out of Equilibrium as the starting point of a general assessment of the scope and perspectives of out-of-equilibrium economics. After describing the particular subject-matter covered by Amendola and Gaffard, the author calls attention upon he fundamental role in their treatment of time, coordination, and the magnitude of responses. The general foundations of the ‘out-of-equilibrium’ approach are then considered. In this connection, the author argues that making use of illustrations (rather than formal proofs) can still show in a conclusive way that widely held beliefs are not valid as general propositions. It is also maintained that, apart from these ‘anti-general’ results, the out-of-equilibrium approach can lead to positive generalizations of considerable power and significance. In conclusion, this essay maintains that coexistence of equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium analysis is possible, and mentions research and policy areas (such as coordination failures and rational regulatory policy) in which equilibrium theory can provide invaluable insights for an out-of-equilibrium investigation     

Kantian Equilibrium

Consider a game whose strategies are "contributions". A strategy profile is a Kantian equilibrium if  no  player would like  all  players to alter their contributions by the  same multiplicative factor.  Kantian equilibria are Pareto efficient. We characterize the allocation rules on several domains of environments that can be implemented as Kantian equilibria. The concept unifies the  proportional solution  on production economies and the  linear cost-share equilibrium  on public-good economies. We study Kantian equilibrium in the prisoner's dilemma, in a voting problem, and in a political economy where redistribution is the issue. The Kantian dictum engenders considerable but not unqualified cooperation.     

Equilibrium vengeance

The efficiency-enhancing role of the vengeance motive is illustrated in a simple social dilemma game in extensive form. Incorporating behavioral noise and observational noise in random interactions in large groups leads to seven continuous families of (short run) Perfect Bayesian equilibria (PBE) that involve both vengeful and non-vengeful types. A new long run evolutionary equilibrium concept, Evolutionary Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (EPBE), shrinks the equilibrium set to two points. In one EPBE, only the non-vengeful type survives and there are no mutual gains. In the other EPBE, both types survive and reap mutual gains.     

论通货膨胀的均衡

本文在论证我国经济运行的基本态势与凯恩斯理论中的＂非充分就业均衡＂存有偏差的基础上，指出我国宏观总量的均衡是以通货膨胀为代价的，通货膨胀的治理必须采取结构性增长的政策，以降低宏观调控的成本。     

Equilibrium Unemployment Dynamics

The global dynamics of Pissarides' (1990) equilibrium model of aggregate unemployment are studied in the case of increasing returns to scale in production and constant returns to scale in the matching process. An equilibrium is a dynamic path for the aggregate number of matches generated by best-response search and recruiting investment decisions under rational expectations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for multiple equilibria, including limit cycles, are derived, and illustrative examples are computed. The application of saddle-loop bifurcation theory is a novel feature of the analysis. Since one equilibrium Pareto dominates all the others, a macroeconomic coordination problem exists.     

Equilibrium youth unemployment

In a model with continuous entry and exit to the labor market, it is shown that workers exploit their monopoly power by adopting a seniority system implying youth unemployment or an age determined insider-outsider distinction. The incentives of young outsiders to unberbid are curtailed by their expectation of becoming insiders in the future.     

Calibration of Computable General Equilibrium Models from Synthetic Benchmark Equilibrium Data Sets*

The most common procedure for estimating the share parameters of a CGE model is to calibrate the model using a particular year-of-record benchmark equilibrium data set. In this paper we argue the case for calibration from synthetic benchmark equilibrium data sets which portray the economy in a notional typical year. The development of a synthetic agricultural sector in the benchmark equilibrium data set of the ORANI model of the Australian economy is described Finally a comparison is made of the results from ORANI of an across-the-board tariff cut simulation computed with both the synthetic benchmark equilibrium data set and a particular year-of-record data set.     

The Determination of the Equilibrium Exchange Rate in a Simple General Equilibrium Model

In this article, we develop an analytical general equilibrium model of the equilibrium exchange rate for emerging countries. This theoretical framework allows us to identify a relevant set of variables which determinate the equilibrium exchange rate and to explore how these variables influence the trajectory of the equilibrium exchange rate.     

Equilibrium valuation of illiquid assets

Summary. We develop an equilibrium model of illiquid asset valuation based on search and matching. We propose several measures of illiquidity and show how these measures behave. We also show that the equilibrium amount of search may be less than, equal to or greater than the amount of search that is socially optimal. Finally, we show that excess returns on illiquid assets are fair games if returns are defined to include the appropriate shadow prices. Received: June 25, 2000; revised version: October 24, 2000     

Financial and Thermodynamic Equilibrium

This paper explores general equilibrium asset pricing implications in a two-period model in which the production side explicitly describes the thermodynamic process unavoidably connected with production. We show that steady state of the production process, i.e. thermodynamic equilibrium, has a one-to-one correspondence with the absence of arbitrage possibilities. This provides an alternative definition of the absence of arbitrage.
(J.E.L.: D5, G1, R3)