共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
U. Thara Srinivasan William W. L. Cheung Reg Watson U. Rashid Sumaila 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2010,12(3):183-200
Excess fishing capacity and the growth in global demand for fishery products have made overfishing ubiquitous in the world’s
oceans. Here we describe the potential catch losses due to unsustainable fishing in all countries’ exclusive economic zones
(EEZs) and on the high seas over 1950–2004. To do so, we relied upon catch and price statistics from the Sea Around Us Project as well as an empirical relationship we derived from species stock assessments by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. In 2000 alone, estimated global catch losses amounted to 7–36% of the actual tonnage landed that year, resulting
in a landed value loss of between 6.4 and 36 billion (in 2004 constant US6.4 and 36 billion (in 2004 constant US). From 1950–2004, 36–53% of commercial species
in 55–66% of EEZs may have been overfished. Referring to a species-level database of intrinsic vulnerability (V) based on life-history traits, it appears that susceptible species were depleted quickly and serially, with the average V of potential catch losses declining at a similar rate to that of actual landings. The three continental regions to incur
greatest losses by mass were Europe, North America, and Asia—forming a geographic progression in time. But low-income and
small island nations, heavily dependent on marine resources for protein, were impacted most profoundly. Our analysis shows
that without the inexorable march of overfishing, ~20 million people worldwide could have averted undernourishment in 2000.
For the same year, total catch in the waters of low-income food deficit nations might have been up to 17% greater than the
tonnage actually landed there. The situation may be worst for Africa, which in our analysis registered losses of about 9–49%
of its actual catches by mass in year 2000, thus seriously threatening progress towards the UN Millennium Development Goals. 相似文献
2.
The Global Ex-vessel Fish Price Database (Ex-vessel DB) reported in Sumaila et al. (J Bioecon 9(1):39–51, 2007) was the first comprehensive database that presents average annual ex-vessel prices for all commercially exploited marine fish stocks by nationality of the fishing fleet. It contained over 30,000 reported price items, covering the period from 1950 to the present, and supplemented missing prices with estimates based on prices from a different year, species group or fleet nationality. This paper describes a revised missing price estimation approach, focused on the computation of annual average international prices for each species group, adjusted to domestic prices using the real exchange rate based on national purchasing power parity. Key advantages of the new approach are that it allows a larger number of reported prices to be used in the price estimation, and accounts for relative price level differences that exist between countries. Our new approach should improve the estimates in regions where reported prices are scarce or non-existent by linking domestic prices to the trends in international prices. Our analysis, based on the revised ex-vessel price estimates (in real 2005 USD), shows that the global marine fisheries landings have generated total value of USD 4.2 trillion since 1950, including USD 100 billion in 2005. 相似文献
3.
Most of the world’s ocean fisheries are severely lacking in private property rights in the underlying natural resources or
their close complements (e.g. harvesting volume). Therefore, according to standard property rights theory, these fisheries
should be highly wasteful of potential economic rents from these resources. The question is whether this economic loss can
be empirically verified and, if so, how large it is. This paper explains the concept and develops the analytical theory of
economic and natural rents. Building on this and utilizing global fisheries data, the paper proceeds to estimate a global
fisheries model, obtain numerical estimates of the rent loss in the world’s ocean capture fisheries and provide reasonable
confidence bounds for this loss. It is found that the global fisheries rent loss constitutes almost certainly a large fraction
of the landed value of the global landings. The mean estimate of this loss is well over 50% of the value of landings. 相似文献
4.
A bottom-up re-estimation of global fisheries subsidies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
U. Rashid Sumaila Ahmed S. Khan Andrew J. Dyck Reg Watson Gordon Munro Peter Tydemers Daniel Pauly 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2010,12(3):201-225
Using a recently developed database of fisheries subsidies for 148 maritime countries spanning 1989 to the present, total
fisheries subsidies for the year 2003 is computed. A key feature of our estimation approach is that it explicitly deals with
missing data from official sources, and includes estimates of subsidies to developing country fisheries. Our analysis suggests
that global fisheries subsidies for 2003 are between US25 and 29 billion, which is higher than an earlier World Bank estimate of between US 25 and 29 billion, which is higher than an earlier World Bank estimate
of between US 14–20 billion. This new estimate is lower than our 2000 global subsidies estimate of US$ 30–34 billion. We
find that fuel subsidies compose about 15–30% of total global fishing subsidies, and that capacity enhancing subsidies sum
to US$ 30–34 billion. We
find that fuel subsidies compose about 15–30% of total global fishing subsidies, and that capacity enhancing subsidies sum
to US 16 billion or about 60% of the total. These results imply that the global community is paying the fishing industry
billions each year to continue fishing even when it would not be profitable otherwise—effectively funding the over-exploitation
of marine resources. 相似文献
5.
This paper examines international competitiveness of China’s manufacturing industry during the period of 1980–2004 from a
multilateral perspective in terms of purchasing power parities, relative price levels, labor productivity and unit labor costs.
The various measures of PPPs in China’s manufacturing industry are found to be approximately 3.7 RMB per international dollar
in the base year 1997. Since the mid-1980s, the relative price of China’s manufacturing products has been declined and is
the lowest compared with the US, UK, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The unit labor cost is found to show a declining trend
with some fluctuation. The labor productivity of China’s manufacturing industry is relatively low and is found to converge
with other countries since 1992.
__________
Translated from Economic Research Journal (经济研究), 2005, (12) (in Chinese) 相似文献
6.
The strenuous fluctuation in global asset price in recent years has had a profound impact on the economic and social development
of every country. An empirical analysis indicates that asset prices (the stock price index and real estate prices) are important
endogenous variables affecting the interest rate reaction function of central bank monetary policy. With expected inflation
as a given, each one percentage point rise in output gap will cause a 0.79 percentage point reduction in interest rates by
the central bank and each one percentage point rise in real estate price will result in a 2.2 percentage point rise in interest
rates. The stock price index does have an influence on the trends in monetary policy, but it is less salient than the impact
of housing prices. We also show that monetary policy that employs asset price as an endogenous variable increases the central
bank’s control in seeking to attain its objectives. Therefore we suggest that the central bank should make asset price fluctuation
an endogenous variable and incorporate it into its forward-looking interest rate rule, in order to facilitate the healthy
development of China’s markets for real estate, stocks and derivatives, energy and bulk commodities and maintain rapid, smooth,
sustainable and harmonious economic development. 相似文献
7.
Reliving the 1950s: the big push, poverty traps, and takeoffs in economic development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
William Easterly 《Journal of Economic Growth》2006,11(4):289-318
The classic narrative of economic development—poor countries are caught in poverty traps, out of which they need a Big Push involving increased investment, leading to a takeoff in per capita income—has been very influential in foreign aid debates since the 1950s. This was the original justification for foreign aid. The narrative lost credibility for a while but has made a big comeback in the new millennium. Once again it is invoked as a rationale for large foreign aid programs. This paper applies very simple tests to the various elements of the narrative. Evidence to support the narrative is scarce. Poverty traps in the sense of zero growth for low-income countries are rejected by the data in the whole period 1950–2001 and for most sub-periods. The poorest quintile also does not have significant negative growth of the relative income ratio to the world’s richest country over 1950–2001, nor is relative growth for the lowest quintile significantly different than other quintiles. The claim that “well-governed poor nations” are caught in poverty traps is rejected by simple regressions that control for both initial income and quality of government (instrumenting for the latter). The idea of the takeoff also does not garner much support in the data. Takeoffs are rare in the data, most plausibly limited to the Asian success stories. Even then, the takeoffs are not associated with aid, investment, or education spending as the standard narrative would imply. 相似文献
8.
以国际统计规范中生态系统服务价值的估价方法为基础,利用市场价值法、替代成本法、影子工程法等方法,构建生态系统服务核算的动态价格体系,对京津冀地区的生态系统服务价值进行合理测度。实证结果发现,以往采用的价格体系低估了生态系统服务价值,根据构建的动态价格体系得出,2016年北京市、天津市和河北省的生态系统服务价值总量分别为27706.27亿元、5836.21亿元和104407.23亿元,分别是各地区GDP的1.08倍、0.326倍和3.26倍;2016—2017年京津冀地区生态系统服务价值增量分别为502.63亿元、628.12亿元和-1713.33亿元;三个地区中价格因素对北京市生态系统服务价值年度变化的影响最大,而天津市和河北省受到价格因素的影响较小,剔除价格因素影响后京津冀地区生态系统服务价值的真实增长率分别为-0.15%、13.11%和-1.7%。 相似文献
9.
Carmen Marchiori Susan Stratton Sayre Leo K. Simon 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2012,51(3):453-470
Increasingly, central governments approach contentious natural resource allocation problems by devolving partial decision-making
responsibility to local stakeholders. This paper conceptualizes devolution as a three-stage process and uses a simulation
model calibrated to real-world conditions to analyze devolution in Spain’s Upper Guadiana Basin. The Spanish national government
has proposed spending over a billion euros to reverse a 30 year decline in groundwater levels. We investigate how the government
can most effectively allocate this money to improve water levels by utilizing its power to set the structure of a local negotiation
process. Using a numerical Nash model of local bargaining, we find that if the national government creates appropriate incentives,
local bargaining can produce water stabilization. The actual water levels that will emerge are highly dependent on the central
government’s decisions about the budget available to local stakeholders and the default policy, which will be influenced by
the relative value the government places on various financial and environmental outcomes. Our paper concludes by determining
the relationship between these relative valuations and the government’s preferences over water levels. 相似文献
10.
Distributional Preferences and the Incidence of Costs and Benefits in Climate Change Policy 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Beilei Cai Trudy Ann Cameron Geoffrey R. Gerdes 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,46(4):429-458
We explore the relationship between willingness to pay (WTP) for climate change mitigation and distributional preferences,
by which we mean individuals’ opinions about who should be responsible for climate change prevention and whether the share
of climate change impacts borne by the poor is a cause for concern. We use 1,770 responses to an online stated preference
survey. The domestic costs in our survey’s policy choice scenarios are expressed as a set of randomized shares across four
different payment vehicles, and the international cost shares are randomized across four groups of countries. We also elicit
respondents’ perceptions of the likely regressivity of climate change impacts under a policy of business-as-usual. WTP is
higher when larger cost shares are borne by parties deemed to bear a greater responsibility for mitigation, and when respondents
believe (and care) that the impacts of climate change may be borne disproportionately by the world’s poor. That WTP for an
environmental policy depends on the distributional consequences of the policy is an unsettling result: efficiency assessments
are typically assumed to be separate from equity considerations in most benefit-cost analyses. 相似文献
11.
《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(1-4):43-53
SUMMARYTo provide a more comprehensive accounting of direct cost of treating headaches, it is imperative to quantify the cost of emergency room (ER) services specific to treating headaches. Published cost estimates for migraine-specific ER visits are currently not available. This study estimated the cost of treating migraine headaches in the ER from a payer's perspective, using ER discharge data for migraine from the 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Costs were estimated using Medicare reimbursement rates. The total cost of an ER visit for migraine headache, defined as the ER visit and all additional services and procedures, was US$238.16. Based on the migraine prevalence of 9% to 27%, the annual estimate for total ER visit costs for migraine headache in the US in 2000 ranged from US$646 million to US$1.94 billion, which is substantial. ER costs for migraine may be much larger then previously estimated. 相似文献
12.
We estimate the economic value of mortality risk in China using the compensating-wage-differential method. We find a positive
and statistically significant correlation between wages and occupational fatality risk. The estimated effect is largest for
unskilled workers. Unemployment reduces compensation for risk, which suggests that some of the assumptions under which compensating
wage differentials can be interpreted as measures of workers’ preferences for risk and income are invalid when unemployment
is high. Workers may be unwilling to quit high-risk jobs when alternative employment is difficult to obtain, violating the
assumption of perfect mobility, or some workers (e.g., new migrants) may be poorly informed about between-job differences
in risk, violating the assumption of perfect information. These factors suggest our estimates of the value per statistical
life (VSL) in China, which range from approximately US$30,000 to US$100,000, may be biased downward. Alternative estimates
adjust for heterogeneity of risk within industry by assuming that risk is concentrated among low-skill workers. These estimates,
which are likely to be biased downward, range from US$7,000 to US$20,000.
相似文献
13.
Huayi Yu 《Frontiers of Economics in China》2010,5(1):25-51
Many theory and empirical literature conclude that house price can reflect economic fundamentals in the long-term. However,
by using China’s panel data of 35 main cities stretching from 1998 to 2007, we find that there is no stable relationship between
house price and economic fundamentals. House price has deviated upward from the economic fundamentals since government started
macro-control of the real estate market. We consider that the mechanism between the house price and economic fundamentals
is distorted by China’s real estate policy, especially its land policy. Meanwhile the policy itself is an important factor
in explaining the changes of China’s house price. Then we estimate the dynamic panel data model on house price and the variables
which are controlled by real estate policy. The result shows: land supply has negative effects on house price; financial mortgages
for real estate have positive effects on house price; and the area of housing sold and the area of vacant housing, which reflects
the supply and demand of the housing market, has negative effects on house price. We also find some differences in house price
influence factor between eastern and mid-western cities. Finally, we propose policy suggestions according to the empirical
results. 相似文献
14.
This essay describes and interprets J. Ron Stanfield’s analysis of Karl Polanyi. Stanfield has helped to clarify Polanyi’s
“double-movement” thesis by arguing that the double movement of self-regulating market forces and the protective response
is essentially about freedom versus security. These insights provide an analysis that takes Polanyi into the twenty-first
century by developing a theory of “reembedded globalization.” This is not something that Polanyi experienced before his death
in 1964. Corporate globalization and the escalation of free-market rhetoric have led to a new round of disembedding since
the 1970s, and this is evident by both the top-down, corporate globalization of privatization, deregulation, and marketization,
as well as, by the challenges to it from the “movement of movements” coalescing around the World Social Forum. The most conspicuous
evidence of this neo-protective response and its challenge to corporate-driven market forces is that between the security
needs of the world’s globalization victims and the freedom of transnational corporations to make profits anywhere and in any
way throughout the world. Understanding the clash in this way suggests that for humanity to save itself, it must struggle
to reembed globalization and put security ahead of unbridled freedom. Reembedding globalization requires asserting democratic
security ahead of the economic freedom of big business. 相似文献
15.
We present a model featuring irreversible investment, economies of scale, uncertain future demand and capital prices, and
a regulator who sets the firm’s output price according to the cost structure of a hypothetical replacement firm. We show that
a replacement firm has a fundamental cost advantage over the regulated firm: it can better exploit the economies of scale
because it has not had to confront the historical uncertainties faced by the regulated firm. We show that setting prices so
low that a replacement firm is just willing to participate is insufficient to allow the regulated firm to expect to break
even whenever it has to invest. Thus, unless the regulator is willing to incur costly monitoring to ensure the firm invests,
revenue must be allowed in excess of that required for a replacement firm to participate. This contrasts with much of the
existing literature, which argues that the market value of a regulated firm should equal the cost of replacing its existing
assets. We also obtain a closed-form solution for the regulated firm’s output price when this price is set at discrete intervals.
In contrast to rate of return regulation, we find that resetting the regulated price more frequently can increase the risk
faced by the firm’s owners, and that this is reflected in a higher output price and a higher weighted-average cost of capital. 相似文献
16.
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between a firm’s R&D activities and its productivity using a unique
micro data panel dataset and looking at sectoral peculiarities which may emerge; more specifically, we used an unbalanced
longitudinal database consisting of 532 top European R&D investors over the 6-year period 2000–2005. Our main findings can
be summarised along the following lines: knowledge stock has a significant positive impact on a firm’s productivity, with
an overall elasticity of about 0.104; this general result is largely consistent with previous literature in terms of the sign,
the significance and the estimated magnitude of the relevant coefficient. More interestingly, the coefficient increases monotonically
when we move from the low-tech to the medium-high and high-tech sectors, ranging from a minimum of 0.03/0.05 to a maximum
of 0.14/0.17. This outcome suggests that firms in high-tech sectors are still far ahead in terms of the impact on productivity
of their R&D investments, at least as regards top European R&D investors. 相似文献
17.
H. Jack Ruitenbeek 《Ecological Economics》1994,10(3)
Woodchip exports pose a potential threat to a 300 000-ha mangrove ecosystem in the Bintuni Bay area of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The bay supports an important shrimp export industry, and coastal areas support 3000 households. Traditional non-commercial uses of mangroves have an estimated value of Rp20 billion/yr (US$10 million/yr); commercial fisheries are valued at Rp70 billion/yr (US$35 million/yr) and selective commercial mangrove cutting schemes have a maximum value of Rp40 billion/yr (US$20 million/yr).Forest management options, ranging from clear cutting to a cutting ban, are evaluated in a cost–benefit analysis incorporating linkages among mangrove conversion, offshore fishery productivity, traditional uses, and benefits of erosion control and biodiversity maintenance functions. “Linkage scenarios” are developed that reflect potential ecosystem component interactions in Bintuni Bay. Clear cutting is optimal only if linkages are ignored. A cutting ban is optimal if linear and immediate linkages between ecosystem components exist. Under a scenario with linear but delayed linkages of 5 years, selective cutting of 25% of the harvestable mangrove is the optimal strategy; it has a present value of Rp70 billion (US$35 million) greater than the clear cutting option, and more extensive cutting would yield no additional net benefits.Strong economic arguments exist for conservative mangrove clearing. Where strong ecological linkages occur, severe restrictions on clearing activities will be economically optimal. Where ecosystem dynamics are uncertain, programs reducing linkage effects – such as greenbelts, replanting, or selective cutting – will minimise potential economic losses. 相似文献
18.
David Howden 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(2):165-182
Informational cascades can be used to augment the existing Austrian business cycle theory. As first-order users of knowledge
know the direct causes of a price change, they transmit this knowledge to second-order users through the price system. Banks
with direct knowledge of the sources of the fresh liquidity during a credit-induced boom have knowledge of the boom’s artificial
and unsustainable nature. Higher order users lack this direct knowledge and hence continue investing largely ignorant of underlying
developments. When first-order users of knowledge sense the boom has run its course, they exit the market, sending a strong
signal to higher order knowledge users that the boom has ended—a fragile situation built upon an informational cascade begins
collapsing. Simultaneously, the boom is characterized by an influx of capital and knowledge into the financial sector owing
to increased profits relative to the real economy stemming from Cantillon effects surrounding the credit injection. As knowledge
pertaining to real production has also exited, the bust commences with a misallocated productive structure requiring equilibration
to become consistent with consumers’ wants. Actions which inhibit this knowledge from returning to the productive structure
will unnecessarily lengthen the time to recovery. 相似文献
19.
Jie Meng 《Frontiers of Economics in China》2010,5(4):657-676
This article aims to offer a reply to Steedman’s critique of Marx’s labor theory of value. Although this critique having been
there for about three decades, the anti-critiques from Marxists are up to date flawed with fatal limitation, losing sight
of an important dimension of labor theory of value, i.e., without taking it as a theoretical tool of understanding the uncertainty
rooted in capitalist mode of production. The first part of this article reviews the controversy initiated by Steedman. Part
2 discusses Marx’s dual theory of market value and Rubin’s interpretation. Our view is that, if Rubin’s interpretation is
accepted, a refutation of Steedman’s critique towards Marx will be impossible. Part 3 of this article explores the possible
reconstruction of market value in the perspective of the dynamics in the pivoting of market value. We concludes that, the
relationship between the standard condition of production and value is not, as argued by Steedman, of deterministic and one-directional
character. For Marx, labor theory of value is applied to analyze the uncertain relation between the means and the end, the
condition and the result of capitalist production. Meanwhile, another reply is attempted towards the negative comment on labor
theory of value made by contemporary evolutionary economist such as Hodgson. In our view, Marx’s labor theory of value is
not irrelevant as claimed by Hodgson to the main topics of evolutionary economics such as variety and “natural selection.”
It is through labor theory of value that Marx explains the co-evolution of technology and economy. 相似文献
20.
This article shows new cross-country evidences by empirically investigating the joint effects of cigarette price levels and joining the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) on smoking prevalence in 74 countries over the period of 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2006. We assessed cigarette price elasticity for three national income levels using different databases on cigarette price from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), demographic and socioeconomic country characteristics from the World Bank and adjusted smoking prevalence rates published by various yearly WHO reports on the global tobacco epidemic from 2000 to 2010. A panel threshold regression was used to capture the nonlinear effects that cigarette prices on smoking prevalence at the three national income levels endogenously determined by estimation. Our findings supported the evidence that joining the WHO FCTC would have a positive effect on reducing cross-country smoking prevalence, especially among countries with low- and medium-income levels. Moreover, some simulated results show that a price hike of 10% would reduce smoking prevalence in countries with national income levels equal to or less than US$1900 and by 7.2% in countries with national income levels between US$1900 and US$2510 more than those with national income levels that are higher than US$2510. 相似文献